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The report analyzes India's energy subsidies across coal, oil, gas, and renewable energy, noting a significant decrease in central government expenditure on energy subsidies between FY2014 and FY2016. While fossil fuels still receive the majority of support, the data indicates a trend of declining fossil-fuel subsidies and increasing support for renewables.

In 2015, Côte d’Ivoire's financial flows for REDD+ were significantly lower than the investment needs required to reach its 2030 goal of 20% forest cover. While 16.8 billion FCFA was aligned with REDD+ objectives, a much larger sum of 84.2 billion FCFA was spent on 'grey' activities—primarily agricultural intensification—that could potentially drive further deforestation without stronger safeguards. The report highlights a critical funding gap, noting that the minimum annual cost for reforestation and agroforestry is estimated at 173 billion FCFA. It argues that the government and international partners have a major opportunity to 'green' existing agricultural investments and calls for the creation of a National REDD+ Fund and improved land-use planning to leverage finance more effectively.

The report analyzes international climate finance for land use in Indonesia, finding that while international support is well-targeted toward building 'enabling environments' (capacity building and policy), it is significantly smaller than domestic funding and often bypasses local government institutions. The authors recommend longer project durations, better coordination through a centralized government database, and capacity building for local organizations to access international funds directly.

In 2011, Indonesia's public climate funding totaled at least Rp 8.4 trillion (USD 951 million), with domestic government spending as the primary source. Most domestic funds were directed toward 'supporting activities' like policy development, particularly in the forestry sector, while international funding focused more on 'core activities' in mitigation and adaptation. The report highlights a significant gap in funding reaching local governments and identifies challenges in tracking international funds and defining adaptation activities.

Annual global climate finance flows reached approximately USD 343-385 billion in 2010/2011, with the private sector providing the majority (USD 217-243 billion). While public finance (USD 16-23 billion) acts as a catalyst, total investment remains far below the USD 1 trillion annual requirement projected by the IEA to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius. Mitigation activities, primarily renewable energy and energy efficiency, attracted the bulk of funding (USD 350 billion), while adaptation interventions received USD 12.3-15.8 billion. Emerging economies, particularly China, Brazil, and India, were the largest recipients of mitigation finance, often utilizing domestic resources and National Development Banks.

In 2010, Germany invested at least EUR 37 billion (1.5% of GDP) in climate-specific measures, with the private sector providing over 95% of this finance. Renewable energy generation was the primary recipient, attracting EUR 26.6 billion, while energy efficiency received EUR 7.2 billion in incremental investment. Public banks, particularly KfW and Rentenbank, played a critical role by providing EUR 16.5 billion in concessionary loans, which accounted for 43% of renewable energy and 72% of energy efficiency investments. The report highlights significant data gaps, noting that climate finance is not systematically tracked in public budgets or by the private sector, and recommends establishing a central registry and improved reporting standards to evaluate policy effectiveness.

In 2010, four members of the UNEP BFI CCWG (AFD, EIB, JICA, and KfW) committed approximately 15.5 billion USD to climate finance in developing countries, a 22% increase over 2009. Mitigation received 80% of these funds, primarily targeting the energy (51%) and transport (31%) sectors, while adaptation funding decreased by 28% to 20% of the total, focused largely on water supply and treatment. Concessional loans were the dominant financial instrument at 70% of total flows. The report also details carbon finance initiatives managed by EIB, KfW, and NEFCO, which are tracked separately from direct climate finance.

In 2018, IDFC members reported $134 billion in green finance commitments, a 39% decrease from 2017, though cumulative commitments since 2015 exceed $670 billion. Climate finance dominated the total at 93.3%, with green energy and GHG mitigation accounting for 85% of that amount. While overall commitments fell due to macroeconomic factors, adaptation finance grew by 57% over the previous year. Geographically, 78% of finance remained in members' home countries, and the East Asia and Pacific region received the largest share of commitments at 56%.

The report finds that global finance for energy access is insufficient, with electricity commitments reaching only half of the required USD 52 billion annually and clean cooking funding declining to USD 30 million. While electricity finance increased to USD 30.2 billion in 20 high-impact countries, it is heavily concentrated in Asia, particularly India, while Sub-Saharan Africa sees declining investments and a shift toward fossil fuels. Clean cooking remains severely underfunded, relying heavily on international grants. Case studies highlight India's success in mobilizing private finance for renewables and Indonesia's use of government subsidies to scale LPG adoption.

The paper estimates annual global transport capital investment between $1.4 trillion and $2.1 trillion, noting that private investment accounts for approximately 58% of the total. It highlights a disparity in investment sources between high-income countries, where private investment dominates, and middle- and low-income countries, where public investment is slightly more prevalent. The authors argue that leveraging private investment and public resources is essential for transitioning to low-carbon transport, particularly in rapidly urbanizing developing nations.