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The document details the costs and benefits of transitioning to clean transportation in Connecticut. By 2050, a total investment of $51.5 billion in electrification, fuel efficiency, and low-carbon fuels is projected to generate $72.5 billion in returns, resulting in a net benefit of over $21 billion. These investments would lead to 149.9 million metric tons of avoided CO2 and a reduction of 15.5 billion gallons of fossil-based liquid fuels.

The document details the costs and benefits of transitioning to clean transportation in the District of Columbia. It estimates that a total investment of $5.6 billion by 2050 will generate a cumulative net benefit of more than $2.5 billion, primarily driven by fuel savings. The transition is expected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by nearly 17 million metric tons and save almost 1.8 billion gallons of fossil-based liquid fuels by 2050.

The document details the costs and benefits of transitioning Delaware to clean transportation technologies, including vehicle electrification, fuel efficiency, and low-carbon fuels. It projects that a total investment of $18 billion by 2050 will generate a cumulative net benefit of $6.6 billion, primarily driven by fuel savings and avoided environmental costs, while significantly reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

The analysis evaluates three technology pathways—fuel efficiency, vehicle electrification, and low-carbon fuels—to reduce transportation emissions. For Massachusetts, a total investment of approximately $94 billion through 2050 is projected to generate a cumulative net benefit of nearly $40 billion, driven primarily by fuel savings and avoided environmental costs. By 2050, these measures would avoid 276.8 million metric tons of CO2 and reduce fossil-based liquid fuel use by nearly 29 billion gallons.

The document details the costs and benefits of transitioning to clean transportation in Maryland, projecting a cumulative net benefit of nearly $40 billion by 2050 through fuel efficiency, electrification, and low-carbon fuels.

The document details the financial and environmental impacts of transitioning to clean transportation in Maine. It estimates that a total investment of nearly $27 billion by 2050 would yield nearly $37 billion in returns, resulting in a net benefit of over $9 billion. Key benefits include significant fuel savings, reduced carbon dioxide emissions, and improved local air quality.

The document details the costs and benefits of transitioning New Hampshire's transportation sector to clean technologies by 2050. It projects a cumulative net benefit of approximately $8.6 billion, driven primarily by fuel savings, while estimating a total investment of nearly $22 billion, with electricity generation and storage being the largest cost. Environmentally, the transition is expected to avoid over 63 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and reduce fossil fuel use by more than 6.5 billion gallons by 2050.

The document details the costs and benefits of three technology pathways—fuel efficiency, electrification, and low-carbon fuels—for New Jersey. It projects that by 2050, a total investment of nearly $122 billion will generate over $171 billion in returns, resulting in a cumulative net benefit of almost $50 billion. These transitions are expected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 353.6 million metric tons and save nearly 37 billion gallons of fossil-based liquid fuels by 2050.

The document details the financial and environmental impacts of transitioning to clean transportation in New York. It estimates that by 2050, cumulative investments of nearly $218 billion in electrification, efficiency, and low-carbon fuels will yield a net benefit of $80.5 billion, primarily driven by fuel savings and avoided environmental costs.

The Union of Concerned Scientists reports that investing in fuel efficiency, vehicle electrification, and low-carbon fuels in Pennsylvania would result in a cumulative net benefit of over $60 billion by 2050. The analysis indicates that while electricity generation and storage represent the largest investment cost, these are offset by significant fuel savings and avoided environmental and health costs. By 2050, these measures would avoid 515.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and reduce fossil-based liquid fuel use by 52.5 billion gallons.

The document details the economic and environmental impact of transitioning to clean transportation in Rhode Island. It estimates that a total investment of nearly $14 billion by 2050 will yield nearly $19 billion in returns, resulting in a cumulative net benefit of over $5 billion. Key drivers of this transition include vehicle electrification, improved fuel efficiency, and low-carbon fuels, which together are projected to avoid 38.7 million metric tons of CO2 and reduce fossil-based liquid fuel use by 4 billion gallons by 2050.

The document details the costs and benefits of transitioning to clean transportation in Virginia by 2050. It estimates that a total investment of $142.5 billion in electrification, fuel efficiency, and low-carbon fuels will generate a cumulative net benefit of nearly $57 billion, primarily driven by fuel savings and avoided environmental costs, while reducing CO2 emissions by 412.1 million metric tons.

The document details the economic and environmental impact of transitioning to clean transportation in Vermont. It estimates that a total investment of $13.4 billion by 2050 will result in a cumulative net benefit of $4.5 billion, driven primarily by fuel savings and avoided environmental costs, while significantly reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

The report examines how autonomous vehicles (AVs) could affect the Washington, DC, metro region by 2040, finding that while pooled AVs and transit investments increase job access, AVs generally increase total driving and disproportionately increase congestion in low-income neighborhoods and communities of color.

The Union of Concerned Scientists' comparison of ExxonMobil's 2018 and 2019 climate reports finds that the company relies on unchanged energy demand assumptions and maintains a belief that the world will fail to meet Paris Agreement temperature goals. The analysis highlights inconsistencies in how the company describes methane reduction efforts, a lack of detailed low-carbon investment breakdowns, and the use of problematic graphs to suggest alignment with IPCC scenarios. While ExxonMobil acknowledges for the first time that its fossil fuel products are part of the climate problem, it continues to emphasize uncertainty regarding the pace of the global energy transition.

The Union of Concerned Scientists finds that PM2.5 pollution from cars, trucks, and buses in California is inequitably distributed, with African American, Latino, and Asian residents, as well as low-income households, facing significantly higher exposure than white and wealthier residents. The analysis identifies Southern California, particularly Los Angeles County, as having the highest average exposure, and estimates that on-road transportation leads to approximately 3,100 premature deaths annually in the state.

The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) asserts that emission reductions and adaptation are the primary responses to climate change. While opposing the deployment of solar geoengineering due to environmental, ethical, and geopolitical risks, UCS supports computer modeling and the study of natural events like volcanic eruptions. The organization opposes large-scale stratospheric tests and maintains that small-scale outdoor experiments must be subject to transparent, inclusive, and independent governance mechanisms involving climate-vulnerable communities.

The Union of Concerned Scientists utilized the InMAP (Intervention Model for Air Pollution) to estimate average annual concentrations of PM2.5 in California at a resolution of one square kilometer. By mapping these concentrations to census block groups and integrating data from the 2012–2016 American Community Survey, the study aimed to determine population-weighted exposure by demographic group. The authors justify the use of the reduced-complexity InMAP model over conventional chemical transport models (CTMs) by noting its superior performance on population-weighted metrics and its ability to provide the fine spatial resolution necessary to analyze exposure equity in racially or economically segregated urban areas.

The Union of Concerned Scientists reports that the Trump administration systematically attacked scientific integrity through censorship, the dismissal of advisory panels, and the suppression of research. The document details specific harms in air pollution policy and climate change communication, while providing a roadmap for the 116th Congress to implement legislative and oversight checks to restore science-based policymaking.

The Union of Concerned Scientists and Fehr & Peers modeled the impact of automated vehicles (AVs) on the Washington, DC, region for 2040. The findings indicate that while AVs could increase job access if deployed as pooled shared services, they risk significantly increasing total driving and congestion. The report highlights that low-income neighborhoods and communities of color would face disproportionately higher levels of congested driving across all scenarios. To mitigate these risks and prevent increased global warming emissions, the authors recommend prioritizing pooled rides, investing in mass transit modernization, and ensuring a rapid transition to electric vehicles.