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The Republic of Korea is the fourth-highest provider of public finance for fossil fuels among G20 countries, with an average annual government support of $12.4 billion between 2017 and 2019. While the government has committed to no new public finance for domestic coal projects and aims for carbon neutrality by 2050 under a Green New Deal platform, it has increased public finance for fossil fuels by 9% relative to 2014–2016 levels and provided $2.49 billion in emergency bailout loans to coal plant manufacturer Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The G20 Scorecard evaluates OECD and non-OECD members across seven criteria related to fossil fuel funding, including transparency, pledges, and the scale of support for coal, oil, gas, and power generation. It ranks countries such as Germany, France, and Brazil at the top of their respective groups, while others like the United States and Saudi Arabia receive lower scores in multiple categories.

The United Kingdom ranks last among G20 OECD member countries in the G20 Scorecard of Fossil Fuel Funding, with an overall score of 48/100. While overall support decreased by 21% compared to 20142016, the U.K. saw a 96% increase in public finance for fossil fuels and an 86% increase in support for coal production. The U.K. provides USD 9.2 billion annually in support for fossil fuel consumers through foregone tax revenue and has faced criticism for a lack of transparency regarding its export credit agency, UKEF, and its denial of providing fossil fuel subsidies under its own definitions.

The United States continues to provide significant public finance and subsidies for fossil fuel production and consumption, with a total government support average of USD 7.6 billion between 2017 and 2019. While there was a temporary decrease in international public finance due to a lack of board quorum at the U.S. Export-Import Bank, the bank has since approved USD 4.7 billion for liquefied natural gas in Mozambique. The document highlights a lack of transparency, noting that many production subsidies are unaccounted for in OECD totals, with alternate estimates placing these at USD 20.5 billion per year. Additionally, the U.S. provided USD 72 billion in COVID-19 support for fossil fuels as of August 12, 2020, including USD 58 billion for airline companies via the CARES Act.

The 2020 State of Global Environmental Governance report details the shift of international environmental negotiations to virtual platforms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzes the adoption of the 'silence procedure' for decision-making, the delays in scientific advice from bodies like the IPCC, and the temporary nature of pandemic-related emission dips. The document argues that the pandemic highlighted the interconnectedness of human health, biodiversity loss, and climate change, while warning that structural inequalities and nationalist responses to the pandemic could hinder the global cooperation necessary for a green and inclusive recovery.

The southern longline tuna fishery in the Western and Central Pacific is characterized by economic overfishing, where healthy tuna stocks are offset by an excessive number of vessels, leading to declining catch sizes per unit of effort. Many distant water fishing nations' vessels appear subsidized, as catch revenues may not cover operating costs. The document suggests that WTO subsidy prohibitions could reduce fishing effort, which might initially disrupt domestic processing in Pacific Island countries but could ultimately improve the fishery's economic situation and allow these nations to develop their own domestic tuna industries.

The report highlights that India's energy access policies have achieved near-universal electricity access and high clean cooking uptake, but at a high cost, with electricity and LPG consumption subsidies totaling INR 87,830 crore in 2017. It argues that policy-making is hindered by outdated data, as the last distributional analysis of these subsidies relied on 2011 census data. To address this, the report recommends dedicated research into the distributional performance of current subsidies and the evaluation of various targeting options, including opt-out schemes, quota-based targeting, and income-based proxies.

The report finds that while India's clean cooking schemes improve energy access and save women an average of one hour per day, current LPG subsidies are inefficiently targeted, with nearly half of beneficiaries not belonging to the poorest households. It recommends refining subsidy targeting to better support poor households and adopting a holistic strategy that promotes non-fossil-fuel cooking technologies, such as electricity.

The document examines shrimp fisheries in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, which are economically valuable but face overcapacity and sequential overfishing. It identifies fuel subsidies as the most common support mechanism, though their impact on profitability varies across fleets. The study concludes that WTO rules prohibiting subsidies for overfished stocks and fuel subsidies would have the most significant impact on the region's shrimp fishing.

The 2019 Chile/Madrid Climate Change Conference, the longest in UNFCCC history, failed to reach a consensus on the operationalization of Article 6 regarding market and non-market mechanisms. While the conference achieved progress on the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage and the Lima Work Programme on Gender, it was marked by significant disconnects between scientific demands for ambition and the limitations of multilateral negotiations. Key unresolved issues, including long-term climate finance and common time frames for NDCs, were deferred to future sessions under Rule 16.

The sardinella fishery in West Africa faces overfishing and excessive capacity, driven in part by capacity-enhancing subsidies for fuel and water access. The document argues that WTO subsidy prohibitions, combined with improved management and transition periods for small-scale fishers, could improve the region's environmental and economic sustainability and support the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

The report examines how WTO rules targeting illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, overfished stocks, and overcapacity would affect the Southern Longline (SLL) tuna fishery. While target stocks like South Pacific albacore are healthy, the fishery suffers from 'economic overfishing' characterized by falling catch per unit effort (CPUE). Analysis suggests that vessels from China and Chinese Taipei may be heavily dependent on subsidies to remain viable, whereas Fijian-flagged vessels appear marginally profitable without them. The report argues that while subsidy prohibitions could reduce overall effort and improve CPUE, they must be balanced with the development aspirations of Pacific Island countries (PICs), who rely on tuna for GDP and employment.

The document assesses how WTO subsidy disciplines regarding illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, overfished stocks, and overcapacity would affect the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) southern longline (SLL) fishery. It focuses on six fleets (China, Chinese Taipei, Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, and French Polynesia) and finds that vessels from China and Chinese Taipei are most likely to be impacted by prohibitions on operating cost subsidies, as their revenues may not cover costs without financial assistance. While target stocks like South Pacific albacore are healthy, the fishery faces economic overfishing characterized by falling catch per unit effort (CPUE). The report suggests that while subsidy rules could reduce overall effort and potentially improve profitability for remaining vessels, they may also create short-term revenue losses for Pacific Island countries (PICs) and disadvantage their domestic fleets due to higher local fuel costs.

The document examines the transition from Kyoto-era carbon credits to ITMOs under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, detailing the two primary cooperation avenues (Article 6.2 and 6.4) and the remaining challenges in establishing a rulebook. It categorizes potential project types, analyzes Canada's preparations—including waste sector partnerships in Chile and LNG exports—and highlights the economic potential of Article 6 to reduce NDC implementation costs by half by 2030 if properly regulated to avoid double counting and 'hot air'.

The report examines how WTO rules prohibiting subsidies for illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, overfished stocks, and overcapacity would affect shrimp fisheries in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. It finds that many regional shrimp stocks are overfished and that subsidies, particularly for fuel, often support industrial fleets and contribute to overcapacity. The study suggests that while subsidy reform can lead to stock recovery and increased efficiency, it must be paired with broader fisheries management and stakeholder consultation to be effective.

The report analyzes how proposed WTO rules to prohibit subsidies for illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, overcapacity, and overfishing would affect shrimp fisheries in Latin America. It highlights that fuel subsidies are the most common form of support, primarily benefiting the industrial sector. The document argues that while subsidy reform is crucial for ecological sustainability and economic efficiency, it must be accompanied by broader fisheries management policies and gradual implementation to protect vulnerable communities.

The document analyzes how subsidies for industrial and artisanal sardinella fishing in West Africa contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and evaluates how different WTO subsidy prohibition options—targeting IUU fishing, overfished stocks, and overcapacity—could affect the region's food security, economy, and stock recovery.

The document examines the prevalence and scale of fuel subsidies in the fisheries sector, highlighting a significant gap between reported WTO notifications and actual support levels. It finds that while both OECD and non-OECD countries use fuel tax concessions and direct price support to maintain fisher competitiveness and income stability, such measures often lead to unsustainable fishing levels. The brief emphasizes the need for greater transparency and the application of fossil fuel subsidy reform lessons to achieve sustainable fisheries management.

The report examines the high cost and regressive nature of India's energy consumption subsidies, which totaled INR 87,830 crore (USD 13.1 billion) in 2017. It highlights a critical knowledge gap, as the last comprehensive distributional analysis is based on 2011 census data. The document proposes several targeting mechanisms, including opt-out schemes, volumetric quotas, categorical targeting based on social or geographic criteria, and the use of proxy means testing via income and asset data. It specifically analyzes the Ujjwala scheme's success in connection targeting and the challenges of sustained LPG usage among the poor due to ongoing consumption costs.

The report assesses how India's LPG subsidy schemes, specifically PAHAL (DBTL) and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), affect poor women. It finds that while PMUY has increased LPG access and reduced drudgery—saving women an average of one hour per day—significant inefficiencies remain. Many poor households are still left behind due to affordability and distribution barriers, while a large share of consumption subsidies benefit wealthier households. The report recommends improving targeting, reviewing the PMUY loan system to ensure affordability for the poorest, and adopting a more holistic clean cooking strategy.