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Using Benin as a case study, the report argues that traditional electricity burden assessments—which only consider utility bills—underestimate the true cost of energy for businesses. By introducing three new measures (EB1, EB2, and EB3), the study quantifies the impact of 'extra costs' such as investments in generators and voltage stabilizers. The findings reveal that these preventive measures account for 44% of total electricity expenditures for connected businesses. The report highlights that informal sector businesses and those with less-educated managers are particularly vulnerable, and recommends that policymakers integrate these hidden costs into energy strategies and prioritize grid reliability to reduce the need for costly private mitigation.

The document highlights Afghanistan's significant superhot rock geothermal resources, noting that just 1% of this endowment could provide 144 GW of energy capacity. It argues that this energy source could reduce energy poverty, lower land-use requirements compared to other renewables, and provide reliable firm power to the electrical grid.

The document highlights the immense potential of superhot rock geothermal energy in Alaska, noting that just 1% of the state's resource could generate over 5 million GWh of electricity. It argues that this technology offers a land-efficient, reliable source of firm power that could leverage Alaska's existing oil and gas subsurface expertise for a zero-carbon transition.

The document highlights that just 1% of Algeria's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 819 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 181,286 GWh. While not expected to reach commercial scale by 2030, this technology could theoretically replace all fossil fuels used in Algeria's electricity production, eliminate coal imports, and support desalination and hydrogen production. The resource is noted for its low land footprint (12 km² per 1 GW) and its potential to leverage existing subsurface expertise from Algeria's oil and gas sector.

The document highlights that just 1% of Angola's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 197 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 62,933 GWh. It argues that this technology could replace fossil fuels in the electricity sector, reducing emissions by approximately 4 megatonnes of CO2eq, while utilizing significantly less land than solar, wind, or biomass. Additionally, the report suggests that Angola's existing oil and gas workforce and subsurface expertise could facilitate a transition to this zero-carbon energy source to address energy poverty and low electrification rates in rural areas.

The document argues that post-combustion carbon capture is a mature technology capable of achieving capture rates of 90% to 99% for coal and natural gas power plants. It provides evidence from existing operational plants, ongoing FEED studies, and techno-economic modeling to demonstrate that CCS is economically viable, particularly when supported by the U.S. 45Q tax credit. The report also details the availability of vast geologic storage capacity in saline aquifers and the existing regulatory framework for safe CO2 injection. Additionally, it examines co-benefits such as the reduction of SO2 and NOx emissions, the impact of different cooling technologies on water consumption, and the operational flexibility of CCS-equipped plants.

The Appalachian Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub (ARCH2) is projected to create over 21,000 direct jobs, including 18,000 in construction and 3,000 permanent positions, through 11 major projects in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. The initiative involves a broad coalition of partners including project developers like Air Liquide and Plug Power, industrial equipment providers such as Baker Hughes and Bloom Energy, and various government, academic, and labor organizations across the region.

The document highlights that just 1% of Argentina's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 2,659 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 348,032 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all fossil fuels used for electricity production, reducing emissions by approximately 47 megatonnes of CO2eq, which represents 129% of Argentina's Nationally Determined Contribution goal. Additionally, the technology offers high energy density, requiring only 12 km² of land per 1 GW, and could eliminate the need for the 17% of natural gas and 4% of electricity that Argentina currently imports.

The document argues that superhot rock geothermal could be a gamechanger for Arizona's energy sector, providing a carbon-free, firm power source with a very small land footprint. Preliminary modeling suggests that just 1% of Arizona's superhot rock resource could provide 596 GW of energy capacity, which is 58 times the state's 2023 electricity consumption. The technology is described as more versatile than traditional geothermal because it does not require natural underground water sources. Additionally, the document notes that Arizona's existing oil and gas workforce possesses subsurface expertise that could facilitate a transition to this zero-carbon energy production.

The document highlights that just 1% of Armenia's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 40 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 7,876 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all coal and gas used for electricity production, reducing emissions by approximately 2 megatonnes of CO2eq, which represents 16% of Armenia's Nationally Determined Contribution goal for 2030. Additionally, the technology offers a low land footprint, requiring roughly 12 km² per 1 GW, and could eliminate Armenia's dependence on natural gas and electricity imports.

The document highlights that just 1% of Australia's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 624 GW of energy capacity, potentially meeting the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 436,281 GWh. It argues that this technology offers a low-land-footprint alternative to other renewables and a transition pathway for the oil and gas workforce.

The document highlights that just 1% of Austria's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 31 GW of capacity, exceeding the country's 2021 electricity demand and potentially replacing all fossil fuel and electricity imports.

The document highlights that just 1% of Azerbaijan's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 94 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 27,885 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all fossil fuels used in Azerbaijan's electricity production, reducing emissions by approximately 13 megatonnes of CO2eq, which represents 41% of the nation's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) goal. The report emphasizes the technology's low land footprint—requiring roughly 12 km² per 1 GW—and its ability to leverage existing subsurface expertise from Azerbaijan's oil and gas sector.

The document highlights the potential of superhot rock geothermal energy in the Azores, noting that just 1% of its resource could provide 8 GW of capacity. It argues that this technology offers a land-efficient, 24/7 renewable energy source capable of replacing fossil fuels and supporting the production of clean hydrogen.

The document examines BECCS as a tool for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and energy production, detailing the interactions between biomass feedstocks, conversion technologies, and system outputs. It highlights the potential for BECCS to mitigate emissions from forest thinnings and agrifood wastes, while warning against land-use changes that compromise carbon sinks. The authors emphasize that BECCS cannot be categorically labeled as beneficial or detrimental, as lifecycle impacts vary based on the supply chain and technology used.

The analysis demonstrates that households in Benin incur significant additional expenses for voltage stabilizers and generators to cope with power outages and fluctuations. When these 'extra' costs are included in energy poverty metrics, the percentage of energy-poor connected households rises from 51% to 72%. The report argues that current assessments are insufficient and calls for policymakers to incorporate these defensive costs into energy poverty measurements to design more targeted alleviation strategies.

The analysis demonstrates that in Benin, additional expenditures on 'preventive strategies'—such as voltage stabilizers and generators—significantly increase the prevalence of energy poverty. Using 2015 survey data from 3,816 households, the study finds that these extra costs represent 41% of total electricity expenditures. When these costs are included in the assessment, the proportion of connected households in energy poverty rises from 51% to 72%. The report concludes that policymakers must account for these defensive expenditures to accurately measure and address energy poverty in the region.

The document outlines five core elements for BESS zoning ordinances: treating BESS as a distinct land use, creating clear approval pathways, referencing national safety standards, basing setbacks on safety rather than size, and addressing project lifecycle changes. It provides detailed technical recommendations on permitting, environmental mitigation, noise and visual impacts, and the incorporation of NFPA and UL safety standards.

The document highlights the significant potential of superhot rock geothermal energy in Bhutan, noting that just 1% of its resources could provide 26 GW of energy capacity. It argues that this technology offers a land-efficient, firm power source that could reduce energy poverty, create jobs, and support the production of low-carbon hydrogen.

The blueprint proposes a three-goal layered regulatory strategy to reduce oil and gas methane emissions: achieving immediate reductions via equipment and work practice standards, implementing compliance and emissions reporting, and continuously improving for deeper cuts. It emphasizes the use of OGMP 2.0 standards for MRV and suggests that import standards can be used to align foreign supplier emissions with domestic requirements.