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This report by the Center for International Environmental Law examines the adverse health effects of mercury pollution and its implications for fundamental human rights, including the rights to life, health, food, and information. It highlights the vulnerability of children and fetuses, the impact of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), and specific historical disasters such as the Minamata event.

This briefing, produced by a coalition of climate litigation practitioners, provides structured 'Litigation Notes' to help lawyers apply the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) July 23, 2025, advisory opinion (AO) on States' climate obligations. Specifically, this note focuses on the ICJ's conclusion that the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is a binding norm of international law and a necessary precondition for the enjoyment of other human rights.

This research paper examines the conceptual and legal intersections between international human rights law and international environmental law, focusing on the Inter-American System of Human Rights. The author argues that while the two regimes historically differed in approach—human rights being anthropocentric and environmental law oscillating between anthropocentric and biocentric—they are increasingly integrated. The document analyzes how human rights tools, such as precautionary measures and state responsibility for the acts of third parties, are used to protect environmental rights and reviews regional jurisprudence from the Inter-American, African, and European systems to illustrate the environmental dimensions of the rights to life, property, and information.

A joint submission by 24 civil society organizations, including the Center for International Environmental Law, criticizing the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) proposed Approach to Responsible Exit. The submission argues that the IFC's current framework fails to ensure remedy for harms caused by its investments and lacks transparency, urging the institution to make remedy a prerequisite for exit and to implement rigorous pre-divestment due diligence and community consultation.

This research paper, published in November 1999 by WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature and authored by experts from the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), examines the conflict between World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and trade measures used in Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). The authors argue that uncertainty regarding WTO consistency is used by some nations to 'chill' the development of effective environmental laws, specifically citing the Biosafety Protocol and the POPs Agreement. The paper recommends that WTO members adopt a political statement of consistency and negotiate a separate agreement to grant MEAs equal status with WTO rules.

This statement from the Center for International Environmental Law argues that the World Health Organization (WHO) must actively analyze and intervene in the intellectual property (IP) provisions of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs). The document asserts that these agreements often impose standards that exceed the TRIPS Agreement, potentially undermining the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health and restricting access to affordable medicines in developing countries.

This fact sheet from the Climate Bonds Initiative details a USD 150 million green bond issued by Banco Pichincha SA on December 20, 2019, marking the first green bond from Ecuador.

This briefing by the Climate Bonds Initiative, produced for COP22, analyzes the growth and governance of the green bond market. It highlights the shift toward private sector issuance, the increasing role of emerging markets like China, and the necessity of reaching USD 1 trillion in annual green emissions by 2020 to support Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

The Climate Bonds Initiative provides technical assistance to institutions to design and assess transition investment frameworks, aiming to reduce greenwashing risks and align capital deployment with the Paris Agreement.

This report by the Climate Bonds Initiative analyzes how sustainable finance taxonomies integrate mechanisms to support the transition of high-emission sectors toward net-zero emissions by 2050. It identifies six specific 'Taxonomy Transition Mechanisms' used to define and evaluate the credibility of transition activities, providing a framework for taxonomy designers, investors, and market professionals to ensure robust and science-based decarbonization pathways.

This report by the Climate Bonds Initiative analyzes how financial taxonomies can facilitate the transition to net-zero emissions by 2050, particularly for hard-to-abate sectors. It introduces six 'transition mechanisms'—including forward-looking criteria, expiry dates, and transition plan requirements—to help developers create credible benchmarks. Through case studies of the EU, China, and Australia, the report illustrates different taxonomy archetypes (binary, traffic-light, and mixed) and emphasizes the need to integrate these technical tools with broader national climate policies and science-based pathways.

This report by the Climate Bonds Initiative analyzes how sustainable finance taxonomies incorporate transition mechanisms to support the shift to net-zero emissions by 2050. It identifies six key 'Taxonomy Transition Mechanisms'—including forward criteria, sunset dates, and transition plan requirements—and examines their application across traffic-light, binary, and mixed taxonomy archetypes. Through case studies of jurisdictions like Singapore, the EU, Australia, China, and Rwanda, the report demonstrates how these mechanisms can be used to provide granular, science-based criteria for hard-to-abate sectors, distinguishing between point-in-time 'transition labels' for financial instruments and the long-term 'transition process' of entities and sectors.

This briefing by the Global Climate and Health Alliance outlines the synergies between combating climate change and preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It argues that interventions in energy, transport, and food systems can provide 'co-benefit' solutions that simultaneously reduce greenhouse gas emissions and NCD risk factors such as air pollution, physical inactivity, and poor diet.

This policy brief by the Global Climate and Health Alliance explores the intersection between climate change and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), arguing that interventions to mitigate climate change offer significant 'co-benefits' for public health. The document advocates for multisectoral government action and a whole-of-society approach to integrate health priorities into climate plans and vice versa, focusing on energy, transport, and food systems.

The 'Common Position of Latin America and the Caribbean on Climate Change and Health' is a report by the Global Climate and Health Alliance and various regional signatories. It outlines the specific vulnerabilities of the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region to the climate crisis, emphasizing the intersection of environmental degradation, extreme poverty, and health inequities. The document proposes a framework of six key pillars—protecting health, mitigation with health benefits, climate justice, adaptation, leadership/governance, and financing—to guide regional governments and the international community toward a health-centered climate response, particularly in preparation for COP30 in Belém do Pará, Brazil.

This common position document, authored by a broad coalition of health and environmental organizations, outlines the critical intersection of climate change and public health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It details the region's high vulnerability to extreme weather, the disproportionate impact on marginalized and indigenous populations, and the urgent need to integrate health into national climate policies (NDCs) and adaptation plans. The document advocates for a 'just transition' that eliminates fossil fuel dependency, transforms unsustainable food systems, and strengthens primary healthcare to build climate resilience ahead of COP30 in Belém, Brazil.

This briefing by the Climate Policy Initiative defines carbon finance and details the various instruments, markets, and regulatory frameworks used to price greenhouse gas emissions to incentivize reductions and fund climate mitigation.

This fact sheet from the Climate Policy Initiative explains Catastrophe (CAT) bonds, which are high-yield debt instruments used by insurers and governments to transfer natural disaster financial risks to capital market investors. The document details the structural triggers of these bonds, the roles of various providers, the capacity requirements for implementation, and the specific challenges and solutions for different market maturity levels.

This report by NatureFinance and the World Bioeconomy Forum analyzes the current state and future potential of the global bioeconomy, focusing on the financial instruments and policy frameworks needed to transition toward a sustainable, nature-positive, and equitable economy. It proposes a strategic spectrum to categorize bioeconomic activities and highlights the critical role of international cooperation, particularly through the G20, to align finance with biodiversity and climate goals.

This guide from the Climate Policy Initiative explains parametric insurance, a financial tool that provides rapid, fixed payouts based on predetermined triggers (such as wind speed or rainfall) rather than assessed losses. It details the instrument's role in maintaining fiscal liquidity and debt sustainability, the capacity requirements for governments to implement it, and the various commercial and concessional providers available globally.