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This report details the history and current state of e-commerce negotiations at the WTO, focusing on the Joint Statement Initiative (JSI). It examines how existing WTO rules apply to digital trade, the growth of the JSI membership to 83 countries, and the critical divides between developed and developing nations regarding data flows, customs duties, and technical capacity.

This report by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) and the Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (GI-ESCR) synthesizes the work of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) regarding climate change up to 2020. It details the Committee's use of General Recommendations, Joint Statements, and the State reporting procedure to establish that States have human rights obligations to protect women from climate-related harms and ensure their participation in climate policy.

A 2020 fact sheet from the Centro de Movilidad Sostenible detailing fuel quality standards (specifically sulfur levels and octane ratings) and emission standards for light-duty vehicles (LDV) across several Latin American and Caribbean countries.

A briefing by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) providing a global temperature update as of December 2019, highlighting a significant gap between current government pledges and the Paris Agreement goals, while detailing trends in coal, natural gas, and renewable energy.

This guide defines key terminology for the COP25 UN Climate Conference, explaining the goals of the Paris Agreement, the function of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the mechanics of carbon markets under Article 6, and the financial commitments of developed nations to support developing countries via the Green Climate Fund.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the status of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and the role of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). It details the two primary cooperation avenues (Article 6.2 and 6.4), the challenges of establishing a rulebook—including debates over additionality and double counting—and provides examples of pilot projects and national strategies, particularly focusing on Canada's preparations.

The World Resources Institute identifies four priorities for COP25 in Madrid: increasing national climate ambition (NDCs), finalizing rules for carbon markets (Article 6) and NDC time frames, reviewing the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, and increasing financial support and capacity-building for developing nations.

This report by the NewClimate Institute examines the potential of renewable energy mini-grids to help Kenya achieve universal electrification by 2022. It argues that mini-grids are often more cost-effective than national grid extension for rural and remote areas and can provide significant socio-economic and climate benefits, though they remain under-represented in national planning documents like the 2018 Kenya National Electrification Strategy (KNES) and the 2017-2037 Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP).

This briefing note from the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) outlines recommendations for UNFCCC Parties at COP-25 to integrate human rights, gender equality, and participatory processes into climate action. It emphasizes the need for rights-based safeguards in Article 6 market mechanisms, the ratification of the Escazú Agreement, and the protection of indigenous peoples and local communities in adaptation and loss and damage frameworks.

This briefing note by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) argues for the integration of human rights, social safeguards, public participation, and independent grievance mechanisms into the rules and modalities of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It highlights the risks of environmental and social harm associated with carbon markets and draws on failures of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism to advocate for a rights-based approach to climate governance.

This briefing note from the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) argues for the integration of procedural rights—specifically access to information, public participation, and access to justice—into climate governance and the implementation of the Paris Agreement. It highlights the roles of the Aarhus Convention and the Escazú Agreement in promoting environmental democracy and provides specific recommendations for the COP-25 agenda to ensure climate policies are inclusive, rights-based, and gender-responsive.

A statement by Friends of the Earth International arguing that current climate emergency declarations by Global North governments are insufficient gestures that fail to address the systemic economic drivers of the crisis. The organization calls for a total shift from a neoliberal system based on infinite growth to one based on climate justice, human rights, and community control of energy resources.

The report details the proceedings of the 27th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP-27) to the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), held in Brasilia, Brazil, from June 5-6, 2019. The meeting focused on adopting a new 25-year Strategic Plan, addressing critical financial sustainability issues, and strengthening the integration of transdisciplinary science into public policy across the Americas.

The report details the proceedings and decisions of the 27th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP-27) of the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), held in Brasilia, Brazil, on June 5-6, 2019. The meeting focused on financial sustainability, the adoption of a new 25-year Strategic Plan, the revision of the Scientific Agenda, and the expansion of regional partnerships to better integrate science into public policy.

A statement by David Waskow of the World Resources Institute criticizing the slow progress of UN climate negotiations in Bonn, Germany, and calling for increased ambition and financial support ahead of the UN Climate Action Summit.

The report details the proceedings of the 47th meeting of the Executive Council (EC) of the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), held on June 4, 2019, in Brasilia, Brazil. The meeting focused on preparing recommendations for the 27th Conference of the Parties (CoP-27), discussing the IAI's Strategic Plan, scientific priorities, and financial sustainability.

The 48th meeting of the Executive Council (EC-48) of the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research took place on 6 June 2019 in Brasilia, Brazil, held in conjunction with the 27th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP-27).

The 48th meeting of the IAI Executive Council was held on June 6, 2019, in Brasilia, Brazil, with representatives from Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Panama, and the United States. The Council approved the agenda and reviewed decisions from the 47th meeting and CoP-27. Key discussions included the possibility of holding the next meeting via teleconference and the scheduling of the 49th and 50th meetings in conjunction with CoP-28.

This fact sheet explains the purpose and function of the Paris Agreement Rulebook, which was agreed upon in December 2018 in Katowice, Poland. The Rulebook provides the operational guidelines and rules necessary to implement the long-term goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement, focusing on how countries develop climate action plans, report progress, and manage climate finance.

This report by the Center for International Environmental Law analyzes the June 2019 Climate Negotiations (SB-50) in Bonn, focusing on the integration of human rights into climate policies, the development of Article 6 mechanisms of the Paris Agreement, and the work of various UNFCCC constituted bodies.