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The report identifies severe disruptions in Sudan's food systems and financial infrastructure due to conflict, noting that over 20 million people face acute food insecurity. It highlights a dramatic decrease in planted areas, the destruction of processing capacity in Khartoum, and the collapse of the Central Bank of Sudan's electronic banking switch. To address these, the document proposes 'twin-track' interventions focusing on prioritized value chains (sorghum, horticulture, and oilseeds) and the adoption of digital financial services and informal payment networks to bypass physical and institutional barriers.

The GAMS project seeks a USD 9.975 million grant from the Green Climate Fund to restore 276,000 hectares of land in North, South, and West Kordofan, Sudan. The initiative focuses on scaling up gum Arabic production through the capacity building of 500 producer associations (GAPAs), linking them to private sector financing and formal markets to incentivize the sequestration of 9.23 million tonnes of CO2e over 20 years. Additionally, the project will rehabilitate 400 km of livestock corridors and 151,000 hectares of rangelands to improve pastoralist mobility and reduce conflict between farmers and herders.

The document is a formal safeguards report for the project 'Building resilience in the face of climate change within traditional rain fed agricultural and pastoral systems in Sudan'. It identifies the project as a Category B environmental and social safeguards (ESS) project and lists the specific Sudanese states where the programme is located. It confirms the disclosure of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in both English and Arabic as of May 2020.

The report assesses gender inequalities in Sudan and their intersection with climate change to inform a Gender Action Plan (GAP) for a resilience-building project. It identifies that women are disproportionately affected by climate variability due to existing poverty, limited access to resources, and socio-cultural norms. The proposed GAP focuses on mainstreaming gender equality through Farmer Field Schools, the use of Household Methodologies (such as GALS), and targeted interventions like horticulture gardens and microfinance to enhance the adaptive capacity of women and men in rural Sudan.

The document argues that the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process is uniquely suited to support peacebuilding in fragile states because its long-term, holistic, and participatory nature aligns with the timelines and goals of conflict recovery. It highlights that climate risks and conflict often share drivers, such as poverty and weak governance, and that failure to adapt can exacerbate resource competition. The briefing provides examples of countries like Sudan, Burkina Faso, and Palestine that have integrated conflict dynamics into their NAPs, while noting ongoing challenges such as the lack of climate data in conflict zones and the exclusion of refugees from planning processes.

The document examines the role of 'emerging powers'—specifically China, India, Russia, and Brazil—in the two Sudans following the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement and South Sudan's 2011 independence. It highlights China as the most dominant actor, particularly in the oil and infrastructure sectors, while India's role is significant but more limited. The analysis argues that the 'South-South cooperation' rhetoric used by these states masks a reality of extractive economic interests that reinforce Sudan's unbalanced political economy. The paper details how the 2011 secession of South Sudan stripped Sudan of 75% of its oil production, leading to economic decline and shifting the strategic focus of Asian investors. It also discusses the impact of conflicts in Darfur, South Kordofan, and Blue Nile on foreign investments and the role of these powers in peacekeeping and arms transfers.

One year after the death of Meles Zenawi, Ethiopia's foreign policy remains focused on domestic stability and regional security, particularly in the Horn of Africa. While the country has seen significant economic growth and maintains a strategic alliance with the US to combat terrorism, its diplomatic effectiveness is hindered by a gap between its stated commitment to democracy and its domestic political reality. The author argues that embracing genuine democratic reforms would improve Ethiopia's international prestige and its ability to act as a regional broker for peace and stability.

The document examines the historical and political drivers of violence in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan, specifically contrasting the conflict formation of the 1980s with the post-2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) era. It argues that while resource scarcity is often cited as a cause of Sahelian conflict, the violence in the Nuba Mountains is rooted in a long history of systemic marginalisation by an Arab-Muslim dominated state hierarchy. The author details the role of the National Islamic Front (NIF) in launching a 'jihad' against the Nuba in the 1990s, involving forced Islamisation and the use of 'murahaleen' militias. The paper concludes that the CPA has failed to address Nuba demands for self-determination, leaving the region volatile ahead of the 2010 elections.

The document analyzes the conflict in the Nuba Mountains, attributing its origins to systematic marginalization of Nuba communities, inter-ethnic tensions with Baggara groups, and national political-economic deterioration. It highlights the role of the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A in orchestrating the conflict and argues for renewed international pressure on the signatories of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement to ensure its successful implementation in South Kordofan.

The study traces a longitudinal history of violence in South Sudan, arguing that since the colonial period, local populations have been viewed as resources to be managed, exploited, and controlled rather than non-combatants. This logic of violent governance—characterized by forced displacement, collective punishment, and the blurring of lines between military and civilian actors—has persisted through multiple civil wars and continues to influence current conflict dynamics and the effectiveness of international protection efforts.