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The report examines the legal and political landscape of Canada regarding Indigenous peoples' rights to land and conservation. It argues that the Canadian state generally does not recognize ICCAs, instead maintaining a colonial framework that prioritizes Crown sovereignty and resource extraction over Indigenous self-determination. While comprehensive agreements for Inuit and some First Nations provide a level of co-management, most Indigenous peoples face systemic barriers, including the Indian Act and a lack of political will to respect inherent rights. The document highlights the 'duty to consult' as a critical legal tool and provides case studies on Torngat Mountains National Park, Gwaii Haanas, and Ipperwash Provincial Park to illustrate the spectrum from co-governance to violent conflict.

The report analyzes the lack of formal legal recognition for TICCAs in Panama, highlighting conflicts between the National Environment Authority (ANAM) and indigenous peoples. It examines national environmental laws, the Constitution, and comarca-specific laws, noting that while state laws often ignore traditional conservation, indigenous customary laws—such as the Guna's Anmar Igar—effectively protect biodiversity. The document proposes strategies to integrate traditional governance into the National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) and protect indigenous collective rights over natural resources.

The report finds that Suriname lacks legal recognition for indigenous and tribal peoples as collectivities, leaving their traditional land and resource rights unprotected. This legal vacuum allows the state to issue extractive concessions and establish protected areas without the free, prior, and informed consent of local communities, often criminalizing traditional subsistence activities. While the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has issued landmark rulings, such as the Saramaka case, requiring the recognition of collective titles and juridical personality, the report concludes that the Surinamese government has failed to implement these mandates, maintaining a discriminatory legal environment that undermines both human rights and biodiversity conservation.

The report examines the tension between Malaysia's state-led economic development—driven by logging and oil palm expansion—and the customary land rights of Indigenous peoples. It highlights that while Sabah has begun exploring the ICCA concept through the Sabah Biodiversity Strategy 2012-2022, legal recognition of communal tenure remains inconsistent and often subordinated to commercial interests. The document details various community-led conservation efforts, such as the 'tagal' fisheries system and the Bundu Tuhan Native Reserve, while noting that landmark court cases in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak have provided some legal precedents for native title and proprietary rights.

The report examines the tension between the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 and other national laws, such as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 and the NIPAS Act, which often undermine indigenous land tenure and governance. It highlights that while the Philippines has progressive laws on paper, implementation is hindered by the 'Regalian Doctrine' and institutional conflicts between agencies like the NCIP and DENR. The document details the role of ICCAs in biodiversity conservation and provides case studies of indigenous communities, such as the Tagbanwa and Talaandig, struggling to maintain control over their ancestral domains against state-led protected area systems and extractive industries.

The report examines the status of ICCAs in Taiwan, highlighting a systemic lack of formal legal recognition for indigenous customary land and resource rights. While the Basic Act of Indigenous Peoples (2005) provides some theoretical recognition, state agencies—particularly the Forestry Bureau—remain reluctant to share decision-making power. The document details several community-led conservation successes, such as the Danayiku Nature Park and the Smangus village's collective management, and notes a positive shift in judicial trends where courts have begun to recognize traditional territories.

The report analyzes the intersection of Australian law and Indigenous-led conservation, detailing the pathways to land ownership, the evolution of joint management in national parks, and the emergence of Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs).

The report examines Namibia's legal and policy landscape regarding Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs), focusing on the tension between state-owned land claims and community resource rights. It details the formalization of ICCAs through communal area conservancies and community forests, while highlighting the critical lack of secure group land tenure as a primary threat to sustainable management. The document also assesses the impact of state-run protected areas on indigenous groups like the San and Herero, noting a general government policy of providing financial benefits through concessions while denying formal land rights or co-management authority.

The document examines the status of Indigenous Territories and Community Conserved Areas (TICCAs) in Bolivia, highlighting the gap between the country's advanced constitutional protections for indigenous peoples and the actual implementation of state policies. It details the legal evolution from the 1953 Agrarian Reform to the 2009 Constitution, which recognizes Bolivia as a Plurinational State. The report identifies significant threats to biodiversity and indigenous governance, including the expansion of the agricultural frontier, large-scale extractivist projects (mining and hydrocarbons), and the government's failure to conduct prior informed consultation. Through case studies of the TIPNIS and Kaa-Iya, it illustrates conflicts over infrastructure projects and the erosion of co-management agreements between the state and indigenous organizations.

The document examines the systemic lack of legal recognition for Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (TICCAs) in Chile. It argues that the Chilean state prioritizes individual property and extractivist economic models over communal indigenous land rights, often criminalizing social protests. While international instruments like ILO Convention 169 and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples are ratified, their domestic implementation is described as precarious. The report highlights a tension between state-managed protected areas—which often exclude indigenous populations—and community-led initiatives like the Mapu Lahual and Quinquén projects. It concludes that deep legal reforms are necessary to transition from an exclusionary 'Yellowstone model' of conservation to one based on shared governance and the restitution of ancestral lands.

The report examines the tension between India's centralized conservation laws, such as the Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972, and the rights of forest-dependent communities. It highlights the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 (FRA) as a critical tool for securing community tenure and management rights. The document details various types of CCAs, including sacred groves and community-managed forests, while criticizing the 'ecodevelopment' model and the lack of legal recognition for marine and wetland conservation initiatives. It concludes with recommendations for legal reforms to prioritize site-specific, decentralized governance and the recognition of customary laws.

The report examines the legal and institutional landscape of Fiji regarding Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs), highlighting a significant gap between customary stewardship and formal legal recognition. While 87.9% of land is i Taukei (indigenous) owned, marine and freshwater tenure is vested in the State, creating contradictions with traditional 'i qoliqoli' fishing rights. The document details the growth of Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) and the challenges posed by political instability, overlapping agency mandates, and the prioritization of extractive industries like mining over conservation. It argues for a comprehensive national protected area legislative framework to formally recognize ICCAs and protect them from encroachment.

The report argues that tropical wood production can be sustainable if shifted away from primary forest logging toward high-yield plantations on degraded lands. It highlights the role of certification programs like FSC and PEFC, though it notes low adoption rates in high-deforestation regions. The document provides specific recommendations for producers, businesses, consumers, and governments to reduce the environmental impact of wood and paper products.

The document argues that the Peruvian state violated international human rights law by granting mining concessions in the Tiquillaca district without prior consultation with the Arboleda and other indigenous peoples. It asserts that under the American Convention on Human Rights and ILO Convention 169, such consultations must occur during the earliest planning stages and, for large-scale projects, require free, prior, and informed consent. The authors contend that the failure to consult renders the concessions null and void, requiring the judiciary to review them to ensure the survival and territorial rights of the affected communities.

The document argues that agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa is hindered by gender gaps, as women provide the bulk of agricultural labour but lack decision-making power and access to resources. It introduces a conceptual framework for empowerment based on agency, structure, and relations, and discusses the necessity of addressing land ownership and value chain participation to improve food security and nutrition. The brief highlights that closing the gender gap in agricultural inputs could lift 100–150 million people out of hunger.

The document is an appendix to a research paper that lists specific conflict episodes where natural resources played a role. It categorizes these links into mechanisms such as financing, distribution, and aggravation, providing brief descriptions of how resources like oil, diamonds, timber, and land influenced the conflicts across various global regions.

The document argues that effective private sector engagement is critical for scaling up REDD+ investment. It identifies diverse motivations for involvement—ranging from corporate social responsibility to monetary returns—and highlights that private actors can operate across multiple roles, including project development, carbon credit retailing, and technical expertise. Key barriers to investment include a lack of policy certainty, unclear land tenure and carbon ownership, and insufficient demand in voluntary carbon markets. The report recommends that governments create clear national legislation, integrate REDD+ into sectoral planning, and adopt nested crediting frameworks to allow direct performance-based payments to the private sector while maintaining environmental integrity.

The document analyzes the REDD+ supply chain, identifying key private sector roles including investors, producers, brokers, advisors, auditors, and end-buyers. It highlights that while some pioneering investment funds and multinational firms are engaging through voluntary markets and CSR initiatives, significant barriers remain, specifically a lack of policy certainty and unresolved land tenure and carbon ownership issues. The brief argues that scaling up private investment requires a shift toward compliance carbon markets, the implementation of nested crediting frameworks for direct performance-based payments, and the integration of deforestation-driving industries, such as extractive sectors, into the REDD+ dialogue.

The report examines China's agricultural investment strategy, noting a transition from market dependence to foreign direct investment. While China remains largely self-sufficient in staple grains, it requires imports of soybeans, cotton, and palm oil for its industrial and energy sectors. The document details various investment models, including aid-driven demonstration farms, joint ventures, and direct land acquisitions. It confirms 54 Chinese projects covering 4.8 million hectares across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, while cautioning against the social and environmental risks associated with large-scale land acquisitions.

The report analyzes the private sector's role in the REDD+ supply chain, identifying key players as investors, producers, brokers, advisors, auditors, and end-buyers. It highlights critical barriers such as policy uncertainty, land tenure disputes, and the need for robust social and environmental safeguards. The document proposes strategies to scale up private investment, including the integration of REDD+ into compliance carbon markets, the adoption of nested crediting frameworks, and the inclusion of extractive industries in conservation dialogues.