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This research paper examines the potential for parties to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reforming fossil-fuel subsidies, utilizing the Global Subsidies Initiative – Integrated Fiscal model (GSI–IF model) for country-specific estimates.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines how fossil-fuel subsidies act as a barrier to the deployment of renewable electricity. It argues that these subsidies impair the cost competitiveness of renewables, reinforce the dominance of incumbent fossil-fuel systems, and distort investment decisions. The document advocates for fossil-fuel subsidy reform and the pricing of environmental externalities to create a more sustainable energy system.

This report by IISD-GSI provides the Nordic Council of Ministers with options and recommendations for increasing Nordic cooperation to phase out fossil-fuel subsidies in developing countries, highlighting the economic and environmental costs of these subsidies.

This paper examines the relationship between fossil-fuel subsidies and gender in India, specifically analyzing the impacts of subsidy reform on cooking, lighting, pumping, and transport fuels.

This briefing note analyzes the role of fossil-fuel subsidies in Indonesia's social welfare strategy, arguing that while these subsidies were traditionally used to alleviate poverty and control inflation, they have become expensive, inefficient, and regressive.

This briefing note analyzes the short-term effects of fossil-fuel subsidy reform on Indonesia's energy supply chain, specifically referencing price hikes in June 2013 and the potential for shifting from subsidized LPG to electric induction cooking.

This research paper examines the potential for fossil-fuel subsidy reform in Emerging and Developing Asia—specifically Southeast Asia, India, and China—to provide fiscal space and revenue for financing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It argues that current subsidies are regressive, inefficient, and detrimental to environmental and health goals, and advocates for their phase-out in favor of targeted social welfare systems and corrective taxation.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) explores options for establishing a voluntary peer-review process within the G-20 to advance the phase-out and rationalization of inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies. It analyzes the benefits of peer review as a 'soft law' tool, compares existing mechanisms in other international forums, and proposes specific structural options and reporting frameworks to balance mutual learning with accountability.

This meeting report from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) documents a workshop held in Bali, Indonesia, in November 2012. The event focused on the challenges and opportunities of fossil-fuel subsidy reform in Southeast Asia, presenting case studies from the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Iran, while providing a policy framework for sustainable reform.

This factsheet outlines the fiscal impact of fuel subsidies in India, the government's targets for subsidy reduction, and a series of research reports by IISD, NIPFP, and TERI aimed at reforming diesel, LPG, and kerosene subsidies through mechanisms like cash transfers.

This report summarizes a side event held on March 26, 2012, organized by the 'Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform' to build consensus on reforming fossil-fuel subsidies ahead of the Rio+20 summit. The event featured perspectives from the IMF, the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), and representatives from Ethiopia, Costa Rica, and Sweden, focusing on the fiscal, environmental, and social implications of subsidy removal.

This fact sheet by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) compares the methodologies and estimates used by four international organizations—the OECD, IEA, IMF, and GSI—to measure government support and subsidies for fossil fuels. It highlights how differences in coverage, definitions, and measurement techniques (such as the 'Inventory Approach' versus the 'Price-Gap Approach') lead to varying headline estimates.

This policy brief describes a 2010 project by the International Budget Partnership (IBP) and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to evaluate government transparency regarding public expenditure, specifically focusing on fossil-fuel subsidies across 80 governments.

This commentary evaluates the first year of the G-20's commitment to phase out inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies, noting the role of the G-20 and APEC in elevating the issue on international agendas and the establishment of the Friends of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform group.

This report summarizes a two-day conference titled 'Increasing the Momentum of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform: Developments and Opportunities,' organized by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to address the lack of transparency regarding national strategies and timelines for phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies.

This policy brief examines the progress made by G-20 leaders toward phasing out inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies following the September 2009 Pittsburgh Summit and the June 2010 Toronto Summit, providing a roadmap and six recommended actions for the November 11-12, 2010, Seoul Summit.

This paper reviews data sources for fossil-fuel subsidies across countries with diverse governance systems, energy markets, and economic growth stages, specifically focusing on pilot studies conducted for China, Germany, Indonesia, and the United States.

This 2010 guide by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) outlines methodologies for measuring subsidies provided to fossil-fuel producers. It highlights that such subsidies likely exceed $100 billion U.S. annually, contributing to environmental degradation. The guide categorizes producer subsidies into direct transfers, government revenue foregone, and provided goods/services, while noting significant data transparency challenges in countries like China, Indonesia, Germany, and the United States. It advocates for the development of standardized accounting practices and the potential creation of an independent subsidy accounting standards board.

This report analyzes potential international frameworks for reforming fossil-fuel subsidies, evaluating the roles of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the G-20. It argues that while a formally negotiated agreement is the long-term goal, the immediate path requires a multi-forum approach leveraging the political leadership of the G-20 and the technical capacities of various international organizations.

This research paper analyzes fossil-fuel subsidy reforms in France, Ghana, and Senegal to identify lessons for other countries, concluding that while no single formula for success exists, six key strategies are essential for effective reform.