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The document argues that current NDCs are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5°C and calls for transformative systemic change across all sectors. It provides a framework for governments to conduct national gap analyses, align their short-term plans with long-term global requirements, and implement disruptive innovations and governance reforms. Key recommendations include the urgent withdrawal of financial support for fossil fuels and the integration of climate-resilient planning into mainstream development and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) strategies.

The report evaluates 12 major diversified miners across transition risks, physical risks, transition opportunities, and climate governance, finding that while operational emissions are improving and capital is flowing toward low-carbon commodities, significant risks persist from downstream regulation and water stress.

A coalition of Romanian NGOs urges the Minister of Environment to advocate for a strengthened Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) during the Environment Council. The authors argue that the current ESR is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals and propose specific improvements, including higher emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050, more accurate emission baselines, the removal of forestry and ETS loopholes, and stricter governance with financial sanctions.

A coalition of environmental organizations calls on the Spanish government to strengthen the EU's Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) to align with the Paris Agreement, specifically requesting a 95% emissions reduction by 2050, the removal of the 'ESR safety reserve', and stricter governance to ensure climate targets are met.

The report analyzes the relationship between regional trade and climate governance, focusing on the emergence of "climate clubs" and the environmental provisions within regional trade agreements to identify how such agreements can better address climate change objectives.

The document distinguishes between incremental and transformational adaptation, arguing that the latter is necessary when historic approaches are insufficient for climate risks. It emphasizes that systemic changes to governance—prioritizing transparency, flexibility, and learning—are key to enabling transformational adaptation. The brief is part of a series developed for Edmonton and Calgary focusing on robustness, redundancy, and resourcefulness.

The authors criticize the UN climate secretariat for holding meetings behind closed doors in Bonn, Germany, where rules for transparency under the Paris Agreement were discussed. They argue that excluding non-state actors—including NGOs, academics, and local governments—erodes the trust and accountability necessary for the agreement's success and limits the technical quality of the resulting rules. The document calls for the inclusion of civil society in future thematic discussions, specifically those on adaptation scheduled for May.

The document evaluates EU countries' positions on the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR), which covers 60% of EU greenhouse gas emissions. Using a scoring system across five categories—starting point, land use loopholes, ETS surplus loopholes, governance, and ambition levels—it ranks Sweden as the leader and Poland as the lowest performer. The brief argues that most EU countries are pushing for loopholes that undermine the Paris Agreement, with the European Commission's own proposal scoring only 20 out of 100 points.

The EU Climate Leader Board ranks EU member states on their support for the Effort Sharing Regulation across five categories: starting point, ETS surplus loophole, land use loophole, governance, and ambition level. Sweden ranks highest with a score of 67, while Malta ranks lowest with a score of 2. The analysis concludes that no EU country is currently doing enough to make the regulation compatible with the Paris Agreement.

ClientEarth asserts that while the UK's Climate Change Act 2008 is legally ambitious, successive governments have failed to implement the necessary governance to meet long-term targets. The report highlights a persistent 'policy gap' for the fourth carbon budget and a decline in investor confidence due to abrupt policy shifts, such as the withdrawal of carbon capture and storage (CCS) funding. It recommends the urgent publication of a detailed, annually updated Emissions Reduction Plan and the restoration of cross-departmental coordination and transparent emissions tracking.

The policy brief assesses the suitability of the Monitoring Mechanism Regulation (MMR) as a foundation for a new EU Governance Instrument. It argues that while the MMR provides a basis for reporting, it lacks the compliance mechanisms, prescriptive planning requirements, and public transparency needed to effectively drive the 2030 Energy Union objectives. The authors recommend that the new instrument include direct corrective provisions for non-compliance, consistent methodologies for projections in NECPs, and structured processes for stakeholder participation to move beyond a 'technical box-ticking exercise'.

The document asserts that non-state actors are essential for the implementation of the Paris Agreement, specifically by holding parties to their obligations. While formal participation in review processes regarding implementation, compliance, and effectiveness is limited, the author argues that non-state actors possess other influential means to contribute to these processes.

The document reflects on the transition of international climate change law to a 'bottom-up' approach under the Paris Agreement. It highlights the uncertainty regarding how the agreement's 'ratcheting mechanism' will ensure that parties meet the goals of limiting global temperature increases to well below 2°C and pursuing 1.5°C. The author argues that the design of review processes is critical for the treaty's success and suggests that this new legal architecture allows for a broader understanding of international law's functions beyond the mere enforcement of legal obligations.

The document serves as a comprehensive guide for countries to translate their NDC promises into actionable plans. It breaks down the implementation process into five interconnected modules: governance, mitigation, adaptation, finance, and MRV. Each module provides a structured set of activities, from reviewing existing institutional landscapes and analyzing national potential to designing policies and establishing monitoring systems. The manual emphasizes a holistic approach, highlighting synergies between climate action and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the importance of gender equality in decision-making, and the necessity of mobilizing both public and private finance. It includes numerous global case studies—ranging from Kenya's legislative approach to India's use of green bonds—to illustrate practical applications of the recommended activities.

The document outlines a three-step process for NDC implementation: preparatory work, plan elaboration, and execution. It organizes these activities into five core modules: governance, mitigation, adaptation, finance, and measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV). The guide emphasizes integrating climate actions into national development planning, ensuring gender sensitivity, and aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides detailed activity lists for each module and includes case studies from countries such as Kenya, Colombia, and India to illustrate best practices in legislative frameworks, private sector mobilization, and integrated MRV systems.

Mali is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its dependence on agriculture, low development levels, and political fragility. While the government has established a comprehensive policy framework—including the National Climate Change Policy and the Mali Climate Fund—integration of climate risks into sectoral and sub-national policies remains weak. Adaptation efforts are heavily concentrated in the agricultural and livestock sectors, with significant gaps in support for the fishing sector and pastoralists in the northern regions. Most adaptation projects are funded by international donors and focus on institutional capacity building and food security.

The author evaluates the Paris Climate Agreement as a success, highlighting its binding nature for nearly all countries, the establishment of a transparent five-year review system for INDCs, and the goal to limit global temperature rise to 2°C. While noting the mobilization of 100 billion dollars annually from 2020 for developing nations, the author criticizes the omission of specific terms like 'decarbonization' or 'emissions neutrality'.

The document addresses the rise of climate change initiatives operating outside the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It proposes that the UN process can maintain a leading position by shifting its role toward institutional orchestration and complexity management rather than pursuing traditional high regulatory ambitions.

The document argues for the creation of a coordinated framework for sub- and nonstate climate actors—including cities, regions, businesses, and civil society—to avoid the risks of fragmented 'bottom-up' governance. It suggests that such a framework, established during the 2015 Paris conference, should promote ambition, experimentation, and accountability while reducing overlaps in mitigation and adaptation efforts.

The document argues that urban GHG mitigation is most effective when governments at different levels operate according to their comparative advantages. It categorizes city roles into policy leaders, critical implementers, and strategic partners, mapping these roles to specific abatement potentials in transport, buildings, and waste. The authors emphasize that national governments must provide enabling actions—specifically financial support, technical capacity, and policy alignment—to unlock this potential. Case studies of China, the United States, and Brazil illustrate varying degrees of vertical integration and identify specific national-level gaps that hinder city-scale climate action.