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The report analyzes 32 Air Service Agreements (ASAs) among COFFIS member states to identify legal obstacles to taxing aviation fuel. It finds that while the Chicago Convention does not prohibit such taxes, many bilateral ASAs contain prohibitions or non-discrimination clauses that require reform. The authors propose a 'Joint Agreement' as a multilateral mechanism to bulk-amend these treaties. For EU states, the Energy Taxation Directive (ETD) remains a primary structural barrier, though international agreements can override it. The report also estimates that taxing three specific UK flight routes could generate up to USD 3.1 billion in revenue.

The Center for International Environmental Law identifies a 'Dirty Dozen' of insurers that have restricted coverage for California homeowners, citing climate risks, while maintaining significant financial ties to fossil fuels. This practice is described as a 'vicious cycle of uninsurability' that shifts the economic burden of the climate crisis onto households.

The policy brief outlines how Saudi Arabia and the UAE can leverage their geological storage potential and National Oil Companies to scale up carbon capture and storage (CCS). It identifies current project statuses, storage capacities, and recommends the creation of carbon management strategies, open-access storage hubs, and enduring financial incentives to decarbonize hard-to-abate industries and the power sector.

The report argues that empowering consumers to manage their energy demand and production can shift approximately 900 TWh—about 27% of global residential electricity consumption—away from fossil fuels. It categorizes empowerment solutions into supply-side (e.g., 24/7 PPAs, energy cooperatives, P2P trading), demand-side (e.g., time-of-use tariffs, on-bill schemes), and data-based (e.g., smart meters, granular energy certificates) interventions. The document emphasizes that the path to 24/7 CFE varies by country maturity, dividing nations into 'Potential', 'Progressive', 'Aspirer', and 'Frontier' archetypes, each requiring different policy 'recipes' to overcome barriers such as low smart meter penetration and restrictive electricity market regulations.

The Canadian Climate Institute estimates that wildfires in Quebec caused $1.28 billion in healthcare costs in Ontario alone from June 4 to 8, 2023, due to a significant spike in PM2.5 fine particulate matter exposure.

Superhot rock (SHR) geothermal energy, defined as heat energy mined at temperatures of 400°C or hotter, is presented as a high-energy-density resource capable of providing competitive, dispatchable, zero-carbon power worldwide. While current geothermal capacity is limited to 15 GW in volcanic or thin-crust regions, SHR could potentially be accessed anywhere through super-deep drilling. The report estimates that mature SHR electricity could be competitive at $20-35 per MWh, producing five to ten times the energy per well compared to conventional systems. Realizing this potential requires overcoming engineering challenges in drilling (reaching 7-15 km), reservoir creation, and well metallurgy. The proposed path forward involves moving three to five pilot demonstrations forward in the next five years, transitioning from shallow hot dry rock to deep continental resources, and leveraging the expertise of the unconventional oil and gas industry to accelerate commercialization within 10 to 15 years.

The policy brief calculates the environmental costs of aviation in the Single European Sky area, finding that capacity shortfalls in 2018 and 2019 led to approximately 31.86 million nautical miles of additional distance flown. This resulted in 1.06 million tonnes of CO2 emissions, with estimated climate costs ranging from 162 million to 903 million EUR depending on the carbon pricing model and the inclusion of non-CO2 effects. The authors highlight that CO2 represents only about 34% of the sector's effective radiative forcing, with the remainder coming from non-CO2 impacts like contrail cirrus and nitrogen oxides.

The document examines how market price support and carbon tax exemptions sustain Sasol's coal-to-liquid operations in South Africa. It estimates that in 2019, these support measures totaled ZAR 8.05 billion, contributing to carbon lock-in and significant environmental externalities, including the operation of the world's largest single point source of greenhouse gases.

The Stockholm Environment Institute has developed Resource Value Mapping (REVAMP), a tool designed to help urban planners and investors identify the economic and material value of resources recoverable from sewage sludge, faecal sludge, and organic solid waste. Unlike previous tools, REVAMP operates at a city-wide scale and is specifically tailored for the Global South by incorporating on-site sanitation data. A 2016 trial in Kampala, Uganda, demonstrated that 100% collection of the city's organic waste could generate significant daily revenues and substitutes for firewood and chemical fertilizers, with solid combustion fuel offering the highest potential daily revenue of US$225,500.

The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and Friends of the Earth Europe argue that Europe can achieve a 40% reduction in emissions by 2020 and 90% by 2050 through radical energy system changes and lifestyle shifts. The study estimates the implementation cost at approximately 2% of Europe's discounted cumulative GDP between 2010 and 2020. To achieve climate justice, the report suggests Europe must also provide between €150 billion and €450 billion annually to developing countries by 2020. The proposed pathway excludes nuclear power, biofuels, and carbon capture and storage, focusing instead on wind energy, electrification, and energy efficiency.

The paper argues that current adaptation cost estimates are insufficient and often rely on a single measure, such as expanding protected areas. It proposes a five-step methodology: quantifying direct climate impacts, identifying vulnerable areas, selecting adaptation options based on effectiveness and feasibility, determining per-unit costs, and aggregating total costs. Applying this to Indian forests under a 2085 B2 climate scenario, the authors focus on shifts in forest distribution. Using Net Primary Productivity (NPP) to identify vulnerable areas where shifts are negative, they estimate annual adaptation costs between $239.78 million and $1,486.72 million, depending on whether a minimum or comprehensive set of adaptation measures is implemented.

The document outlines Poland's position as the EU's third-largest greenhouse gas emitter and advocates for the deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to decarbonize energy-intensive industries. It highlights Poland's significant geological storage potential, exceeding 15 Gt of CO2, and discusses specific projects like GO4ECOPLANET and ECO2CEE. The text emphasizes that developing domestic storage and transport infrastructure is critical to reducing costs and avoiding high EU ETS emission fees.