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This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the intersection of international trade and climate policy ahead of COP 30. It focuses on the use of trade tools—such as border carbon adjustments, green subsidies, and deforestation-free import rules—to advance climate goals while highlighting the risks of market fragmentation and the potential for these measures to deepen inequities between developed and emerging economies.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) argues that the commitment made at COP 28 to transition away from fossil fuels is currently failing, with production plans exceeding 1.5°C limits. It identifies COP 30 in Belém as a critical juncture for governments to align financial flows, increase the ambition of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and operationalize the Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP).

This report analyzes 32 Air Service Agreements (ASAs) among COFFIS member states to identify legal pathways for implementing aviation fuel taxes to support climate targets and fuel efficiency.

This guide provides a structured framework for governments to develop and implement national or subnational fossil fuel subsidy (FFS) phase-out plans. It advocates for a whole-of-government approach to coordinate across ministries and proposes a three-category classification system to prioritize subsidies based on their risk to energy security, social stability, and political feasibility. The framework aims to move governments from general commitments to actionable, time-bound implementation roadmaps.

This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the socio-economic challenges of phasing out coal in Indonesia. It argues that while coal mine closures will lead to projected losses in output, income, and employment—particularly in East Kalimantan—these can be mitigated through strategic investment in high-potential green sectors, improved intergovernmental coordination, and the inclusion of informal workers, women, and youth in transition planning.

This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the 2024 reform of the European Union's public procurement framework. It argues that while green public procurement (GPP) is a powerful lever for the green transition—given that public procurement accounts for approximately 14% of EU GDP—its implementation is hindered by legal uncertainties, administrative burdens, and capacity gaps. The document advocates for the use of robust, third-party verified tools such as ecolabels and life-cycle costing to simplify GPP and recommends specific legal and structural reforms to the EU directives to foster their uptake.

This report examines how resource-rich developing countries can utilize fiscal strategies, legal frameworks, and infrastructure to capture greater domestic value from critical minerals through local processing, refining, and manufacturing.

This briefing from the International Institute for Sustainable Development examines the capacity of nature-based solutions (NbS) and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to drive transformative change and provide multiple co-benefits for biodiversity, climate resilience, and human well-being.

This report presents a Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) assessment of nature-based infrastructure (NBI) in Mozambique, specifically focusing on the restoration and conservation of mangroves and wetlands in three estuaries to enhance coastal resilience against climate-driven disasters.

This infographic and guide from the International Institute for Sustainable Development explains the necessity of integrating conflict sensitivity and peacebuilding into nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate adaptation to avoid exacerbating social, economic, and environmental tensions.

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) provides a response to the provincial government's 'Manitoba’s Path to Net Zero' plan, welcoming its focus on a low-carbon economy and the establishment of a Climate Change Committee of Cabinet, while urging the government to commit to detailed implementation plans and caution regarding carbon capture and storage (CCS).

A Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) assessment of the nature-based infrastructure (NBI) program in Kisumu, Kenya, indicates that an integrated approach combining agroforestry, sanitation, and fisheries could yield USD 940 million in net benefits over 26 years. Key drivers include USD 480 million in avoided health costs from improved sanitation and USD 62.85 million in carbon valuation, which exceeds the program's capital costs.

This guide provides a comprehensive business plan template for agricultural cooperatives (ACs) in Cambodia, designed to help them overcome operational challenges and integrate sustainability and climate resilience into their management practices.

The 'Phasing out plan for fossil fuel subsidies' is a report by the Netherlands Ministry of Climate Policy and Green Growth, published in October 2025. It outlines the Dutch government's strategy to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies through a 'Whole of Government Approach,' focusing on international cooperation, European Union alignment, and national policy adjustments. The plan emphasizes the 'polluter pays' principle and utilizes both an 'external costs approach' and an 'inventory approach' to identify and quantify fossil fuel benefits, which amounted to 18.0 billion euros in 2024.

The 'Uitfaseerplan fossiele brandstofsubsidies' is a report by the Dutch Ministry of Climate and Green Growth (published via IISD) detailing the Netherlands' strategy to phase out fossil fuel subsidies. The plan emphasizes a 'Whole of Government Approach' and focuses on international and European cooperation to prevent carbon leakage and maintain a level playing field. It outlines specific national measures, including the use of an 'external costs approach' to identify pricing gaps, and provides a detailed inventory of existing subsidies, categorizing them by their phase-out status and legal constraints.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development evaluates the progress of Clean Energy Transition Partnership (CETP) signatories in 2024, two years after their deadline to end international public finance for fossil fuels. While fossil fuel funding has decreased significantly, the report highlights a failure to redirect those funds toward clean energy at a sufficient scale.

The September 2025 edition of the Carbon Minefields Oil and Gas Exploration Monitor reports on global oil and gas licensing activity, highlighting a trend of continued expansion despite climate targets. The document tracks the awarding of new exploration licences, the associated capital expenditure by major energy companies, and the projected carbon emissions resulting from these activities.

This synthesis report by the NAP Global Network analyzes how 62 countries have integrated Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) into their National Adaptation Plan (NAP) documents, based on submissions to the UNFCCC as of June 30, 2025.

This report examines the use of green tax incentives in 35 emerging and developing economies to bridge a USD 2.2 trillion annual energy transition investment gap. It argues that while tools like tax rate reductions and customs duty exemptions can redirect capital, they are most effective when combined with broader policies and when shifting from profit-based to cost-based incentives to better support early-stage projects.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes public financial support for the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector in British Columbia, arguing that government subsidies shift risks from private investors to the public while ignoring environmental costs and market volatility.