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The document highlights that Burundi possesses significant superhot rock geothermal resources, with just 1% of its endowment capable of providing 36 GW of energy capacity. While unlikely to meet Burundi's 2030 emissions reduction goals, the technology offers a low-land-footprint, 24/7 renewable energy source that could reduce energy poverty and attract foreign investment.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as a high-density, zero-emission energy source that could significantly exceed California's current electricity needs while utilizing existing oil and gas sector expertise.

The document highlights that just 1% of Cambodia's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 304 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 10,156 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all coal and electricity imports, reducing electricity sector emissions by approximately 4 megatonnes of CO2eq. Superhot rock geothermal is presented as a land-efficient alternative to other renewables, requiring roughly 12 km² per 1 GW, and as a means to foster socio-economic development through job creation and foreign investment.

The document highlights that just 1% of Cameroon's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 427 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 7,937 GWh. While unlikely to meet 2030 climate goals, this technology could theoretically replace all coal and gas in the electricity sector, reducing emissions by approximately 2 megatonnes of CO2eq. The report emphasizes the technology's low land footprint (12 km² per 1 GW) and its potential to address energy poverty, as over 35% of Cameroon's population currently lacks electricity access.

The document highlights that just 1% of Canada's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 490 GW of energy capacity, exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 899,783 GWh. It argues that this technology offers a low-land-footprint alternative to other renewables and a transition pathway for oil and gas workers.

The analysis finds a significant funding gap for European carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects that cannot recover costs through carbon pricing alone. By 2023, 55% of excess costs are uncovered, and a total shortfall of €10 billion is projected by 2030. While some countries like Norway, the UK, and the Netherlands have established specific incentive schemes, the report argues that additional targeted funding is required, particularly for high-cost sectors, to kickstart deployment and develop infrastructure.

The document argues that for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) to maintain industrial competitiveness and meet climate targets, it must rapidly deploy carbon capture and storage (CCS). A critical barrier is the current reliance on exporting CO2 to the North Sea, which increases costs; the report finds that developing domestic storage could reduce deployment costs by 23% to 48%. To bridge the funding gap between high deployment costs and the EU ETS price, the brief recommends a 'Coordinator' role for governments to align value chains, leverage EU funds like the Innovation Fund and Connecting Europe Facility, and implement de-risking tools such as carbon contracts for difference (CCfDs). Case studies of the Porthos (Netherlands) and Northern Lights (Norway) projects illustrate how layered public-private financing, including state-owned enterprise (SOE) participation and capital grants, can lead to final investment decisions.

The document critiques the over-reliance on Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) in EU energy policy, noting that while it provides a project-level cost snapshot, it fails to account for system-wide needs, dispatchability, and the full cost to ratepayers. It advocates for a systems-level approach that integrates diverse generation, storage, and demand-response technologies to ensure a reliable, low-carbon grid.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) seeks $20 million over three years to accelerate the global deployment of carbon management technologies by 2050. The organization focuses on establishing government-funded innovation and commercialization programs in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia. CATF argues that carbon capture is essential for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors like cement, steel, and aviation, and for achieving negative emissions. Current deployment is hindered by cost barriers, technology risks, and a lack of infrastructure and pollution standards. In the U.S., CATF leverages the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act, while in Europe, it advocates for a comprehensive EU policy framework to scale up the approximately 70 planned projects. The strategy involves using first-mover nations to drive cost reductions and learning, which will then facilitate technology transfer to emerging markets in Asia and other regions.

The analysis identifies a significant gap between announced CO2 capture ambitions and the development of geological storage capacity in Europe, particularly in the short term. While Europe possesses a theoretical storage potential of approximately 507 Gt, the time required to develop storage sites (5 to 15 years) lags behind the faster implementation of capture projects. By 2025, a shortage of around 15 Mt/year is expected, and by 2030, the gap widens to approximately 40 Mt/year, with available capacity meeting only half of the 82 Mt/year demand. The report notes that many capture projects are concentrated in industrial clusters, but several countries—including Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, and Sweden—have no announced storage projects despite capture ambitions, necessitating cross-border storage solutions.

The document outlines a policy package comprising 45Q tax credit enhancements, the SCALE Act for infrastructure, and the appropriation of the Energy Act of 2020, which together could increase US carbon management capacity 13-fold by the mid-2030s.

The document argues that large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is essential for the EU to reach climate neutrality by 2050, with estimates suggesting a need to capture between 490 and 600 million tonnes of CO2 annually by that date. It highlights that current deployment is significantly below the required trajectory due to inadequate policies and a lack of storage sites outside the North Sea. The brief advocates for the development of shared CO2 transport and storage 'hubs' and cross-border networks to reduce costs for industrial emitters, particularly in Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe. It specifically urges EU Member States to use the 2023-2024 NECP revision process to detail funding commitments, deployment targets, and storage capacity to align with the Net Zero Industry Act's target of 50 million tonnes of annual injection capacity by 2030.

The Porthos project is a pioneer CCS initiative designed to transport and store CO2 from the Port of Rotterdam in depleted gas fields under the North Sea. It is presented as a critical component for the Netherlands to meet its target of reducing CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030, as the industrial sector must reduce emissions by 60% in that timeframe. Porthos is expected to provide approximately 17% of the total intended industrial CO2 reduction for 2030 and address 11% of the Port of Rotterdam's emissions. The project's infrastructure is designed for a capacity of 10 Mt CO2 per year, with a projected total storage of 37 million tonnes over 15 years. However, the project's commencement depends on a final decision by the Raad van State regarding nitrogen emission impacts on Natura 2000 areas.

The document argues that CCS is essential for decarbonising hard-to-abate industrial sectors like cement and steel and for achieving net-negative emissions after 2050. It details the technical process of capturing CO2 using amines or membranes and storing it in saline aquifers or depleted reservoirs at depths exceeding 800 metres. The text asserts that geological storage is permanent and safe, with projected annual leak rates as low as 0.0002% in regulated industries. While costs vary by source—ranging from under 90 euro per tonne for fertilisers to 700 euro for direct air capture—the document suggests that government support for shared infrastructure can drive down costs, similar to the trajectory of offshore wind. It highlights approximately 100 proposed projects in Europe, particularly around the North Sea, and notes that the EU may need to capture 300 to 600 million tonnes of CO2 annually by 2050.

The document outlines Poland's position as the EU's third-largest greenhouse gas emitter and advocates for the deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to decarbonize energy-intensive industries. It highlights Poland's significant geological storage potential, exceeding 15 Gt of CO2, and discusses specific projects like GO4ECOPLANET and ECO2CEE. The text emphasizes that developing domestic storage and transport infrastructure is critical to reducing costs and avoiding high EU ETS emission fees.

Poland is the EU's third-largest emitter, with industrial point source fossil emissions totaling 40.6 MtCO2/year. The document argues that CCS is essential for the decarbonisation of energy-intensive industries—particularly cement, steel, and fertilizer—and for providing firm power in a decarbonised energy grid. Poland possesses a significant CO2 storage potential of over 15 Gt, primarily in saline aquifers (14.3 Gt) and hydrocarbon fields (1 Gt), which could store 369 years of its annual industrial point source fossil emissions. Current projects like GO4ECOPLANET aim to decarbonise cement production at the Kujawy plant, with CO2 transported to the North Sea via the ECO2CEE project. The document highlights that developing domestic onshore storage and pipeline infrastructure could reduce transport and storage costs from €93-€100/t to between €23-€49/t. To accelerate deployment, the author recommends developing national storage resources, supporting projects to Final Investment Decision (FID) through mechanisms like carbon contracts for difference, and establishing cross-border partnerships with other EU Member States and Baltic countries.

The document highlights that superhot rock geothermal could be a transformative energy source for Chad, with preliminary modeling suggesting that just 1% of the country's resource could provide 3,051 GW of energy capacity. While unlikely to meet 2030 climate goals, the technology offers a low-land-footprint alternative to fossil fuels and other renewables, potentially addressing Chad's severe energy poverty where less than 10% of the population has electricity access.

The document highlights that just 1% of Chile's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 1385 GW of energy capacity, potentially meeting the country's projected 2050 electricity demand and replacing all coal and gas imports used for electricity production. It argues that this energy-dense resource would require significantly less land than other energy sources and support Chile's goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.

The document highlights that just 1% of China's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 10,513 GW of energy capacity, potentially replacing all fossil fuels used for electricity production and reducing carbon emissions by approximately 5,943 megatonnes. It argues that this energy source offers a low land-use footprint, provides reliable 24/7 power, and allows for a transition of the existing oil and gas workforce into the zero-carbon sector.

Europe is redefining carbon capture as a strategic building block for its 2050 climate neutrality goals, particularly for hard-to-abate sectors like cement and steel. While the region is shifting toward an infrastructure hub model to achieve economies of scale—with projects like Northern Lights in Norway and Porthos in the Netherlands—deployment remains slow. The author contends that current funding instruments and the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) are insufficient on their own, calling for bold, per-ton deployment subsidies similar to those used for renewables or the US 45Q tax credit to accelerate commercial scale-up.