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This briefing note by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) argues for the integration of human rights and people-centered principles into the Paris Agreement Implementation Guidelines. It provides specific wording proposals for the Bangkok session of the Subsidiary Bodies (September 2018) across four key areas: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the Transparency Framework, the Global Stocktake, and Article 6 mechanisms.

This research paper examines the implications of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement for 'originating Parties'—countries that transfer mitigation outcomes to others—focusing on how to leverage voluntary cooperation to raise climate ambition while implementing safeguards against potential disincentives.

This technical note from the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) provides guidance on developing baselines for scaled-up crediting programs under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, focusing on quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions while maintaining environmental integrity.

This research paper examines the accounting challenges and options for international transfers of mitigation outcomes under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It focuses on ensuring environmental integrity by preventing double counting and addressing the diversity of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), specifically regarding metrics, time frames, and the nature of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs).

This research paper analyzes 163 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (I)NDCs submitted by October 12, 2016, to evaluate how their diverse structures impact the robust accounting of international transfers under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The authors categorize targets by type, scope, and methodology, concluding that economy-wide absolute emission targets are the most conducive to straightforward accounting.

This policy brief by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the environmental integrity of international market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It defines environmental integrity as ensuring that the transfer of emission units does not result in higher global emissions than if Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) were achieved through domestic action alone. Drawing on lessons from the Kyoto Protocol's mechanisms—the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI), and international emissions trading (IET)—the brief identifies critical factors for success: the ambition of NDCs, incentives for future mitigation, the integrity of units, and robust accounting to prevent double counting.

This policy brief by the Center for International Environmental Law uses the Alto Maipo Hydroelectric Project in Chile as a case study to argue for the inclusion of social safeguards, stakeholder consultation, and independent redress mechanisms in the Article 6 mechanisms of the Paris Agreement.

A statement submitted on 13 December 2024 by a coalition of civil society organizations, including Natural Justice and SAFCEI, providing critical comments on South Africa's Draft Article 6 Framework. The coalition argues that carbon markets are fundamentally flawed and risk enabling human rights abuses, land grabs, and the evasion of actual emission reductions.

This working paper by the World Resources Institute outlines the critical issues surrounding the negotiation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which governs international cooperation through carbon markets. It emphasizes that the operationalization of accounting rules, additionality, and financial mechanisms will determine whether Article 6 enhances global climate ambition or weakens the environmental integrity of nationally determined contributions (NDCs).