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The report identifies four 'pillars' of protest—demands, strategy, composition, and organization—that influence the size of a movement and the likelihood of regime loyalty shifts. It argues that non-violent, broad-based campaigns demanding regime change are most likely to succeed and lead to democratic consolidation. However, it notes a recent decline in the success rate of such movements and a rise in anti-liberal protests. For international democracy promoters, the report recommends investing in civil society infrastructure during stable periods rather than attempting to instigate regime shifts.

The study examines a dataset of 162 cases to understand how various financial instruments—including blended finance, bonds, and grants—are used for climate risk reduction and management. It finds that while most instruments are pooled through programs or funds, there is a growing trend toward instruments targeting multiple countries. The analysis reveals a preference for risk reduction over risk management and notes that blended finance is the most frequent instrument used, except in high-income countries where grants are more prevalent.