EGYPT FOURTH NATIONAL COMMUNICATION REPORT

Egypt's Fourth National Communication details the country's climate vulnerabilities, particularly regarding water scarcity and sea-level rise, and outlines a strategic framework to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 24% by 2030 compared to business-as-usual levels. The report emphasizes a transition toward a green economy through the Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy 2035, aiming for a 42% share of renewables by 2035, and the implementation of extensive adaptation measures in agriculture, coastal zones, and public health. It also highlights the critical impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on water security and the need for enhanced international climate finance and technology transfer.

• Egypt's total greenhouse gas emissions were 349,052 Gg CO₂e in 2016 and 359,745 Gg CO₂e in 2017, with the energy sector being the primary source, contributing 65% in 2016 and 62% in 2017.
• Under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, Egypt's emissions are projected to exceed 600 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent (MtCO₂e) by 2030, with electricity (33%), industry (23%), and transport (19.7%) as the largest contributors.
• The implementation of 27 identified mitigation programmes is expected to achieve a 24% reduction in emissions by 2030, avoiding approximately 150 MtCO₂e compared to the BAU scenario.
• Egypt aims to increase the share of renewable energy in its electricity production to 42% by 2035, as part of the Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy (ISES) 2035.
• The energy and fuel subsidy reform programme launched in 2014 is projected to reduce emissions by 40 MtCO₂e annually by 2030, with a cumulative reduction of 264 MtCO₂e by that year.
• Climate change is projected to cost Egypt between 2% and 6% of its GDP by 2060, with annual losses potentially reaching 350 billion EGP under high-impact scenarios.
• Sea level rise (SLR) poses a severe threat to the Nile Delta; coastal flooding in Alexandria, which hosts 40% of Egypt's industrial capacity, could result in annual losses between US$504 and $580 million by 2050.
• The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) creates risks of human-induced droughts and reduced water flow, which could decrease agricultural output and impact hydropower generation at the High Aswan Dam.
• Climate change has reduced crop yields by up to 28% and increased water demand by 8%, with maize projected to see the largest biophysical yield decline of 16.2% by 2050.
• Egypt's waste sector is a significant source of methane, which accounts for over 92% of its total emissions, with solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment together contributing approximately 97% of the sector's emissions.
• The government is expanding non-conventional water resources, including the Bahr El-Baqar plant with a capacity of 5.6 million m³/day, and aims to increase desalination capacity to 1.5 million m³/day by 2030.
• Egypt issued USD 750 million in green bonds in September 2020, the region's first sovereign offering of climate-friendly securities, to finance sustainable projects in transportation, renewable energy, and water management.

APA

Stockholm Environment Institute (2025). EGYPT FOURTH NATIONAL COMMUNICATION REPORT. https://leap.sei.org/pubattachments/5235.pdf

Chicago

Stockholm Environment Institute. EGYPT FOURTH NATIONAL COMMUNICATION REPORT. 2025. https://leap.sei.org/pubattachments/5235.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Stockholm Environment Institute |title=EGYPT FOURTH NATIONAL COMMUNICATION REPORT |date=March 2025 |url=https://leap.sei.org/pubattachments/5235.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{stockholmenvironmentinstitute2025egypt, author = {{Stockholm Environment Institute}}, title = {{EGYPT FOURTH NATIONAL COMMUNICATION REPORT}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2025}, month = mar, url = {https://leap.sei.org/pubattachments/5235.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }