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Ammonia is essential for global food security via fertilizers and is emerging as a critical low-carbon energy carrier and maritime fuel. While current production relies on fossil fuels—contributing over 1% of global GHG emissions—the transition to 'green ammonia' via electrolysis and renewable energy offers a path to carbon neutrality. RMI forecasts a 113% increase in US ammonia production by 2030, driven by hydrogen exports to the EU and the adoption of ammonia-powered shipping, provided that technical challenges and NOx/N2O emissions are managed.

The report finds that the US Midwest has experienced a significant increase in dangerously hot and humid summer days since the 1940s and 1950s. This trend increases the risk of heat-related illnesses and deaths, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and urban residents. The analysis, covering 10 cities across eight states, indicates that rising nighttime temperatures and more frequent heat waves exacerbate health risks. Projections suggest that without significant carbon emission reductions, the region will face a substantial increase in days exceeding 90°F and 100°F by the end of the century.

The research finds that first-generation biofuels in the US Midwest result in a disproportionate use of land and resources, with 30–40% of U.S. corn producing only 6% of national transportation energy. The document argues that these fuels drive land use change, increase global greenhouse gas emissions, and cause water degradation, while economic benefits remain concentrated among a small group of stakeholders. It warns that expanding these fuels for aviation could intensify these burdens and undermine long-term climate resilience and equity in Midwestern agriculture.