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The GCF's fifteenth annual report highlights a record year of programming with USD 3.26 billion approved in 2025 and a total portfolio exceeding USD 20 billion. Key institutional shifts include the establishment of regional offices in Panama City, Amman, Nairobi, Abidjan, and Suva to enhance country ownership and access. The Fund reports a near-parity balance between adaptation and mitigation in nominal terms, with 59.24% of the portfolio in grant equivalent terms dedicated to adaptation. Significant progress was made in private sector engagement, reaching a cumulative USD 7.21 billion. The report also details the 'Efficient GCF' initiative to reduce project appraisal times to nine months or less and the operationalization of a revised accreditation framework.

The report analyzes planning frameworks, negotiation methods, and financing models used by city water authorities (CWAs) in LMICs to secure resilient water supplies. It identifies that while tools like Scenario Analysis, Robust Decision Support (RDS), and Climate Risk-based Decision Analysis (CRIDA) exist, their implementation is often hindered by low technical capacity, data gaps, and reactive planning driven by crises. Successful negotiation often relies on incentivization, trusted intermediaries, and public buy-in, while financing varies from traditional tariffs and grants to innovative mechanisms like Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and water funds. Case studies from cities such as São Paulo, Cape Town, and Amman illustrate the practical application and challenges of these strategies.

The Sub-national Climate Finance Initiative (SnCF) is designed as a blended finance private equity fund paired with a grant-funded Technical Assistance Facility (TAF) to support mid-sized sustainable infrastructure in developing countries. The Fund targets a total raise of USD 750 million, consisting of a USD 150 million concessional tranche and USD 600 million in commercial capital, aiming to invest in sustainable energy, waste and sanitation, and nature-based solutions. The TAF, targeting USD 28 million, focuses on project preparation, impact certification via Gold Standard, and local government capacity building. The initiative aims to mobilize up to USD 3.8 billion in total finance, with a target of 35-50 projects across up to 20 countries. Key target markets identified include Chile, South Africa, North Macedonia, Mexico, and Jordan. The Fund projects a net IRR of 9.4% for commercial investors and 5.4% for the concessional tranche, with a goal to avoid 77 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent over the infrastructure lifetime.

The project aims to reduce the discharge of treated wastewater into wadis by implementing an integrated management approach at two treatment plants: Al Lajoon in Karak and Wadi El-Sir in Amman. It focuses on providing cost-effective reclaimed water to vulnerable farmers, introducing climate-resilient crop varieties, and deploying solar-powered water-pumping systems. The initiative seeks to reduce pressure on groundwater and improve livelihoods through a new pricing strategy and the promotion of green technologies like composting. The project expects to benefit 158,000 direct and 450,000 indirect beneficiaries, representing 7% of Jordan's population, with a total estimated cost of 9,725,000 USD.

The report form identifies the High Impact Programme for the Corporate Sector as a Category B project under environmental and social safeguards (ESS). It confirms that the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) are integrated into the programme's Environmental and Social Management System and were disclosed on May 22, 2020, in multiple languages corresponding to the participating countries.

The report proposes the PAYS for Clean Transport instrument to address the high upfront costs of electric buses, which can be up to 40% higher than diesel alternatives. Under this model, utilities invest in batteries and charging infrastructure and recover costs through a fixed charge on the bus service provider's (BSP) electric bill. This approach shifts capital expenditure from the BSP's balance sheet to a monthly operating expense, reducing the need for grants and leveraging private finance. Modeling for a 100-bus fleet in Santiago, Chile, indicates that PAYS can make electric buses cheaper than diesel over their lifecycle and leverage over 70 dollars of private investment for every grant dollar provided.

The Jordan Integrated Landscape Management Initiative (JILMI) seeks to address climate-driven water scarcity and ecosystem degradation in Jordan. The project proposes a cross-sectoral approach to build climate resilience in the Jordan Rift Valley, Zarqa River Basin, and the Gulf of Aqaba. Key strategies include restoring degraded forests, reviving traditional 'Hima' herding practices, implementing small-scale sustainable energy technologies, and mainstreaming integrated landscape management (ILM) into national policy. The request seeks US$ 278,946.28 from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) to conduct baseline assessments, gender analyses, and feasibility studies to inform a full funding proposal estimated at US$ 40 million.

The project aims to enhance Jordan's resilience to climate change through a systemic 'water-agriculture-energy-climate change nexus' approach. It targets three regions—the Northern Highlands, Central Badia, and Southern Highlands—focusing on diversifying water supply, improving agricultural productivity via climate-smart practices, and integrating solar-powered irrigation. With an indicative total cost of USD 245 million (USD 50 million requested from the GCF), the project seeks to benefit 540,000 people, particularly rural poor and women, while reducing GHG emissions through solar energy and forest restoration.

The Green Climate Fund has selected Panama City (Panama), Amman (Jordan), Nairobi (Kenya), and Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) as the locations for its regional offices. The Secretariat is tasked with negotiating host country agreements and operationalizing this regional presence according to a specific implementation plan, aiming for long-term budget neutrality within the existing administrative budget.

This document is an introductory text for Monograph 46, which compiles papers from a November 1999 conference in Pretoria, South Africa, titled "Building stability in Africa: The challenge for the next millennium." The conference was part of a larger international project, "Challenges of peacekeeping and peace support: Into the 21st century," coordinated by the National Defence College in Stockholm to explore more effective ways of managing regional conflicts and peace support operations.