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This research paper analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of first-generation genetically modified (GM) crops, specifically Roundup Ready (RR) soybeans, Bt cotton, and Bt corn, with a focus on the United States and Argentina. The author examines adoption rates, pesticide use, and yield data, concluding that while some environmental benefits exist—such as reduced soil erosion from no-till systems—the technology has led to increased herbicide volumes, 'yield drag' in RR soybeans, and emerging ecological risks including weed resistance and soil microbial shifts.

This research paper examines the environmental impacts of cotton production and textile processing in Pakistan, analyzing the sector through the lens of global commodity chains. It highlights the ecological and health costs of heavy pesticide use in farming and the pollution caused by chemical dyes in textile manufacturing, while evaluating the governance structures that hinder or facilitate a transition to sustainable practices.