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This WRI research paper analyzes the vertical integration of climate adaptation in Indonesia, Brazil, and India. It identifies fragmented governance, capacity gaps, and financing shortages as primary barriers to coordinating national and sub-national efforts. The study recommends improving cross-sectoral accountability, enhancing official capacity, harmonizing risk data, and ensuring traceable financial flows to enable more effective, locally led climate resilience.

This research paper examines urban sustainability transitions in small and intermediary cities of the global South, analyzing how different actors, drivers, and financing mechanisms influence inclusion processes and environmental outcomes across seven interventions.

This working paper examines whether multilevel governance can facilitate coastal climate change adaptation in Jamaica, focusing on the role of diverse actors and institutions across different scales, levels of organization, and sectors.

This final report describes the activities and outcomes of the CIRCLE ERA-Net project, which aimed to establish a Nordic research network focused on local climate adaptation and mitigation within a multilevel governance framework. Through three workshops held in Norway, Sweden, and Finland between 2008 and 2009, the project explored the determinants of adaptive capacity, the role of national and international policies, and the importance of communication and stakeholder engagement in local contexts.

This guide by the World Resources Institute provides recommendations for national governments to enhance the ambition and credibility of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by collaborating with and integrating content from subnational governments, such as cities, states, and regions.