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The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) advocates for the inclusion of 'blue' hydrogen in the UK's sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) mandate, arguing that biofuels and 'green' hydrogen alone cannot meet the sector's energy demands or the 2030 target of 10% SAF. CATF asserts that 'blue' hydrogen is more scalable and cost-effective than 'green' hydrogen and can achieve comparable lifecycle emissions if high carbon capture rates and strict methane leakage controls are implemented. The document provides cost comparisons and estimates the significant renewable energy capacity that would be required if the mandate were met solely through 'green' hydrogen.

The document highlights that superhot rock geothermal could be a transformative energy source for Chad, with preliminary modeling suggesting that just 1% of the country's resource could provide 3,051 GW of energy capacity. While unlikely to meet 2030 climate goals, the technology offers a low-land-footprint alternative to fossil fuels and other renewables, potentially addressing Chad's severe energy poverty where less than 10% of the population has electricity access.

The document highlights that just 1% of Chile's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 1385 GW of energy capacity, potentially meeting the country's projected 2050 electricity demand and replacing all coal and gas imports used for electricity production. It argues that this energy-dense resource would require significantly less land than other energy sources and support Chile's goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.

The document highlights that just 1% of Ecuador's estimated superhot rock geothermal resources could provide 35 GW of capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 32,124 GWh. It argues that this technology could replace fossil fuel power generation, reduce electricity sector emissions by approximately 4 megatonnes of CO2eq, and leverage existing subsurface expertise from the oil and gas sector.

The document highlights that just 1% of El Salvador's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 31 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 6,342 GWh. It argues that this technology could replace all electricity imports, reduce land-use footprints compared to other renewables, and support the nation's 2050 low-carbon development strategy.

The document highlights that just 1% of Ethiopia's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 1657 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 149,316 GWh. While not expected to reach commercial scale by 2030, the technology is presented as a high-density, firm power source that could reduce energy poverty, create jobs, and support net-zero goals by 2050.

The document advocates for a strategic shift in Germany to leverage its existing research and development in climate technology to end dependence on Russian energy. It highlights that while Germany possesses many necessary technological solutions, they have not been consistently implemented. The author proposes six specific policy measures to scale Climate Tech start-ups, including the use of climate protection contracts, green public procurement for construction materials, and the reform of university spin-off practices to accelerate the transition to a sustainable economy.

The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) asserts that hydrogen is a critical tool for reaching full decarbonization in the U.S. by 2050, particularly for sectors that are challenging or impossible to electrify. The document advocates for the hydrogen production tax credit (PTC) in the Build Back Better Act (BBBA), stating it will incentivize both 'green' hydrogen (from electrolyzers powered by low-carbon electricity) and 'blue' hydrogen (from fossil fuels with carbon capture and low methane leaks). According to CATF, the PTC will primarily benefit the green hydrogen market while accelerating the development of necessary infrastructure. The document identifies six key sectors for hydrogen application: heavy trucking, marine shipping, aviation fuels, industrial process heating, ironmaking, and power system balancing. Additionally, it claims that hydrogen can improve local air quality compared to internal combustion engines and that public investment in hydrogen demonstration projects could create approximately 10,000 permanent jobs over the next decade.

The document highlights that just 1% of Japan's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 700 GW of energy capacity, potentially replacing all coal and gas used for electricity production and meeting projected 2050 electricity demand. It argues that this technology offers a low-land-footprint, firm power alternative to fossil fuel imports from Australia and Malaysia, though it is unlikely to reach commercial scale by 2030.

The document highlights that just 1% of Morocco's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 165 GW of capacity, potentially meeting the country's projected 2050 electricity demand and replacing all coal and gas imports used for power generation.

The document highlights that just 1% of New Zealand's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 72 GW of capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 44,606 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all coal, oil, and gas used for electricity production, reducing emissions by approximately 6 megatonnes of CO2eq and enhancing energy security by replacing coal imports, primarily from Indonesia. Additionally, superhot rock geothermal is noted for its low land footprint, requiring roughly 12 km² per 1 GW, and its ability to leverage New Zealand's existing conventional geothermal expertise.

The document examines the transition of traditional refineries to low-carbon facilities across four regions, utilizing archetype refineries to model emissions reductions under the IEA's Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) and Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE). It identifies key decarbonization levers including carbon capture and storage (CCS), green and blue hydrogen, energy efficiency, and the conversion of facilities into biorefineries or clean fuels plants. Regional analysis reveals that while the US and GCC benefit from vast CO2 storage and cheap natural gas, Europe and Singapore face greater storage constraints but have stronger regulatory drivers and higher financial incentives for energy efficiency. The study emphasizes that the viability of these transitions depends on carbon pricing, feedstock availability, and the development of carbon clusters to achieve economies of scale.

The document highlights that just 1% of Tajikistan's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 68 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 20,719 GWh. This resource could potentially replace all coal, natural gas, and electricity imports, reducing electricity sector carbon emissions by approximately 2 megatonnes, which represents 32% of Tajikistan's Nationally Determined Contribution goal. While not expected to reach commercial scale by 2030, the technology is presented as a way to complement hydropower and improve air quality by reducing fossil fuel combustion.

The document highlights that just 1% of Türkiye's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 594 GW of energy capacity, potentially replacing all coal and gas used for electricity production and meeting the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 609,503 GWh. It argues that this technology would enhance energy security by reducing dependence on coal (58% imported) and natural gas (98% imported), while requiring significantly less land (12 km² per 1 GW) than solar, wind, or biomass.

South Africa's Critical Minerals and Metals Strategy aims to maximise the economic value of its vast mineral reserves—including PGMs, manganese, and vanadium—by shifting from raw ore exports to local beneficiation and high-tech manufacturing. The strategy identifies a specific list of high, moderate-to-high, and moderate criticality minerals and proposes six pillars of intervention: geoscience mapping, value addition, R&D, infrastructure/energy security, financial instruments, and regulatory harmonisation. It emphasizes the need to overcome domestic bottlenecks in energy and logistics, foster regional integration within Africa, and navigate geopolitical tensions, particularly China's dominance in the supply chain, to secure a role in the global green energy transition.

The report examines the carbon-intensive nature of steel production, highlighting ArcelorMittal South Africa's (AMSA) increasing emissions and its impact on local communities in the Vaal triangle. It argues that ArcelorMittal Group maintains a double standard by prioritizing decarbonization in Europe over the Global South. The document identifies financial institutions (such as ABSA and the IFC) and the automobile industry (including Ford and Toyota) as key stakeholders with the leverage to push for a fossil-free transition. It recommends that ArcelorMittal end coal use by 2040 and provide verifiable asset-by-asset transformation plans by 2025.

The document examines the technical, environmental, and economic drawbacks of using hydrogen as a primary energy carrier. It highlights extreme energy losses across the value chain, where total system efficiency is only 20-30%, and notes that over 98% of current hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels. The text warns that 'hydrogen-ready' infrastructure risks locking in fossil fuel dependence and diverting resources from more efficient direct electrification. Environmental concerns include high water and land footprints for green hydrogen, as well as the indirect warming effect of hydrogen leaks. The author concludes that low-carbon hydrogen should be reserved for chemical feedstocks and niche industrial applications where direct electricity is not feasible.

British Columbia is positioning itself for the low-carbon transition by leveraging a low-emissions electricity grid and a growing clean technology sector, though it faces risks from its reliance on metallurgical coal and natural gas exports. While the province has 175 transition-opportunity companies, primarily concentrated in Metro Vancouver, challenges remain regarding the domestic adoption of these technologies and the alignment of provincial policy to support small and medium-sized domestic firms. Vulnerable workers are concentrated in rural communities and among Indigenous populations, necessitating a shift in support toward new growth areas to ensure economic resilience.

The document outlines the growth potential of the clean hydrogen market, noting that global demand could exceed 6% of total final energy consumption by 2050. It highlights Canada's competitive advantages in production due to its geology and renewable energy resources, while identifying barriers such as high costs and infrastructure gaps.

Quebec has successfully decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions, leveraging cheap hydroelectricity and a mature mining sector to foster transition-opportunity companies in electric vehicles and batteries. However, the province faces significant challenges, including high public debt (45% debt-to-GDP in 2020–21), workforce shortages in technical trades, and the need to rebuild trust with Indigenous Peoples to develop critical mineral projects. While Quebec attracts significant venture capital, its companies often raise less capital per investment stage than those in the US and the rest of Canada, facing stiff international competition from China and the US.