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The study evaluates 19 scenarios for decarbonising Poland's power system by 2050, concluding that a technology-inclusive strategy is essential for reliability and cost-effectiveness. It identifies wind and solar as cornerstones but emphasizes the need for 'clean firm power' to replace coal, which currently provides 70% of dispatchable generation. The report warns that excluding options like nuclear power or carbon capture could triple the required energy infrastructure and significantly increase costs. Key recommendations include expanding onshore wind to approximately 70 GW, establishing a nuclear fleet exceeding 8 GW, and implementing natural gas plants with carbon capture.

The report argues that Poland requires a stable, enduring regulatory framework and a diversified technology portfolio to achieve a resilient and socially responsible energy transition. It proposes four guiding principles: technology optionality, proactive long-term infrastructure planning, public participation to ensure social fairness, and cross-regional and international cooperation. Specific policy recommendations include accelerating the departure from coal by combining onshore wind with nuclear energy and gas equipped with carbon capture and storage (CCS), advancing first CCS projects to Final Investment Decision, and exploring Small Modular Reactors (SMR) and superhot rock geothermal energy (above 400 degrees Celsius) for firm power and heat.

The document highlights that just 1% of Croatia's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 6 GW of capacity, generating over 48,521 GWh of electricity. This amount is more than three times the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 15,205 GWh. Such a resource could theoretically replace all coal and gas used for electricity production, reducing carbon emissions by approximately 3 megatonnes, which represents 23% of Croatia's share of the EU's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) goal. Additionally, the technology could eliminate Croatia's dependence on imports for coal (100%), natural gas (79%), and electricity (76%). The report also notes the high energy density of superhot rock geothermal, estimating that 1 GW requires roughly 12 km² of land, significantly less than solar (180 km²), offshore wind (520 km²), or biomass (14,000 km²).

The document highlights that just 1% of France's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 227 GW of energy capacity, exceeding the country's 2021 electricity demand. It argues that this technology could replace all coal and gas used for electricity production, reducing emissions by approximately 36 megatonnes of CO2eq and enhancing energy independence. Additionally, it notes the technology's low land footprint compared to other energy sources and its ability to provide reliable 24/7 power to the grid.

The document highlights that just 1% of Georgia's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 18 GW of energy capacity, exceeding the state's 2023 electricity consumption of 142,029 GWh. It argues that superhot rock geothermal offers a land-efficient, carbon-free, and firm power source that could reduce the need for extensive new transmission infrastructure compared to variable renewables.

The document highlights that just 1% of Germany's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 119 GW of energy capacity, potentially replacing all coal and gas used for electricity production and reducing carbon emissions by approximately 234 megatonnes. It argues that this energy source offers a low land-use footprint and enhances energy security by reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels.

The document highlights that just 1% of Greece's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 48 GW of energy capacity, generating over 402,489 GWh of electricity. This amount is seven times the country's 2021 electricity consumption and could theoretically replace all coal and gas used for electricity production, reducing emissions by approximately 19 megatonnes of CO2eq. The report emphasizes the technology's low land footprint—requiring roughly 12 km² per 1 GW—and its ability to enhance energy security by reducing dependence on imports of coal, natural gas, and electricity.

The document highlights the potential of superhot rock geothermal energy as a scalable, land-efficient, and reliable renewable energy source, specifically noting that 1% of Greenland's resources could provide 23 GW of energy capacity.

The document highlights the significant superhot rock geothermal resources in Guadeloupe, noting that just 1% of its endowment could provide 8 GW of energy capacity. It argues that this technology offers a low-land-footprint, carbon-free alternative to fossil fuels and other renewables, capable of producing electricity and low-carbon hydrogen while reducing grid transmission needs and improving local air quality.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as a scalable, zero-emission energy source that could significantly exceed Idaho's current electricity needs while requiring minimal land. It argues that this technology provides essential 'firm power' that enhances grid stability and reduces the need for extensive new transmission infrastructure.

The document highlights Iran's significant superhot rock geothermal resources, noting that just 1% of this endowment could generate 3,121,694 GWh of electricity, far exceeding the country's 2021 consumption of 344,157 GWh. It argues that this energy source offers a low land-use footprint, provides reliable 24/7 power, and creates a transition pathway for Iran's oil and gas workforce.

The document highlights that just 1% of Jordan's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 128 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 21,354 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all fossil fuels used for electricity production, reducing carbon emissions by approximately 8 megatonnes, which represents 59% of Jordan's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) goal. Additionally, the technology is noted for its low land footprint, requiring roughly 12 km² per 1 GW, and its ability to provide 24/7 power, reducing reliance on energy imports from the United States and Egypt.

The document highlights that just 1% of Kazakhstan's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 257 GW of energy capacity, generating over 2,136,401 GWh of electricity. This amount is 19 times the country's 2021 electricity consumption and could theoretically replace all coal and gas used for electricity production. The technology is described as a land-efficient, 24/7 renewable energy source that could leverage Kazakhstan's existing oil and gas subsurface expertise for a zero-carbon transition.

The document highlights that just 1% of Laos's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 200 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 44,913 GWh. While not expected to reach commercial scale by 2030, the technology could theoretically replace all coal and gas in the electricity sector, reducing emissions by approximately 14 megatonnes of CO2eq, which represents 23% of Laos's Nationally Determined Contribution goal. The report also notes the technology's low land footprint, requiring roughly 12 km² per 1 GW, and its ability to provide reliable 24/7 power.

The document examines the implementation of Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs to reduce fugitive methane emissions, focusing on ground-based Optical Gas Imaging (OGI) surveys. It analyzes the relationship between inspection frequency and emission reductions, providing cost estimates for in-house versus outsourced detection models. The analysis highlights that abatement costs vary by country based on the value of salable gas and local market constraints, with some regions achieving negative marginal abatement costs. Key barriers to deployment include a lack of local technical capacity, logistical constraints in remote areas, and high costs associated with imported equipment.

The document evaluates the installation of Vapor Recovery Units (VRUs) to capture hydrocarbon vapors from storage tanks, finding that while they typically reduce emissions by 95%, high upfront capital costs and infrastructure gaps limit adoption. Across the studied countries in Africa and Latin America, VRUs remain below a low-cost threshold of 596 USD/tCH4, though cost-effectiveness varies based on the volume of methane emitted per site.

The document highlights Nebraska's significant superhot rock geothermal resources, noting that just 1% of this resource could provide 25 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the state's 2023 electricity consumption of 33,571 GWh. It argues that superhot rock geothermal is a scalable, carbon-free energy source with a very low land footprint—requiring approximately 12 sq mi per 1 GW—and provides reliable 24/7 power that reduces the need for excess transmission and backup generation.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as a scalable, zero-emission energy source that could significantly exceed Nevada's current electricity needs while requiring minimal land. It argues that this technology provides essential 'firm power' that reduces the need for excess transmission and backup generation compared to variable renewables.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as an emerging, carbon-free energy source capable of providing firm power globally. In New Caledonia, preliminary modeling suggests that just 1% of the available superhot rock resource could provide 7 GW of energy capacity, generating over 56,497 GWh of electricity. The technology is described as highly energy-dense, requiring approximately 12 km² of land per 1 GW, which is significantly lower than natural gas, solar, offshore wind, or biomass. Additionally, the document argues that such clean firm power reduces the need for excess transmission capacity and backup generation compared to variable renewable sources.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as a scalable, zero-emission energy source that could significantly exceed Oregon's current electricity needs. It emphasizes the technology's low land footprint and its ability to provide constant 'firm power' to the grid, supporting Oregon's goal of 100% clean energy by 2040.