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This guide provides an overview of the traditional centralized electricity grid architecture and the emerging shift toward distributed energy resources (DERs) to improve reliability and flexibility in the face of rising demand and extreme weather.

This policy brief presents insights from informal bilateral discussions conducted by Ember and the Slovak Foreign Policy Association (SFPA) with transmission system operators (TSOs) from six Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The document examines CEE TSO perspectives on the European Commission's upcoming European Grids Package, highlighting a tension between the shared ambition to modernise grids and concerns regarding EU-level governance, funding complexity, and the perceived dominance of Western European interests in policy shaping.

This report by Ember argues that Türkiye can reach its 2035 target of 120 GW of installed wind and solar capacity by upgrading its electricity grid, removing bureaucratic barriers, and diversifying solar applications, such as rooftop, floating, and storage-integrated projects, rather than continuing to subsidize domestic coal.

This report by RMI examines the potential of advanced transmission technologies (ATTs)—comprising grid-enhancing technologies (GETs) and advanced conductors—to expand electricity grid capacity and reliability. While pilot projects in the United States have demonstrated success in increasing capacity and reducing costs, the report identifies significant barriers to scaling these solutions, including risk aversion, financial disincentives, and a failure to integrate ATTs into long-term grid planning. RMI suggests that large corporate energy users can accelerate adoption through policy advocacy and by facilitating coordination between utilities across different service territories.

This final report, commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Structural Reform Support, provides a comprehensive analysis of scenarios for Estonia to achieve climate-neutral electricity production by 2050. The study evaluates eight scenarios—one baseline and seven climate-neutral—comparing them based on costs, risks, socio-economic impacts, and technical feasibility. The report recommends a strategy based on either 'All Technologies' or 'Renewables and Storage' as the most balanced paths forward, while cautioning against a heavy reliance on nuclear energy or carbon capture and utilization (CCU) due to high risks or poor economic outcomes.

This fact sheet details a USD 198 million green municipal bond issuance by the City of Seattle on August 5, 2020, intended for capital improvements and conservation programs for its municipal light and power plant and system.

Interconexion Electrica issued Colombia's first green bond on August 13, 2020, raising COP140bn (USD38m) to fund two energy transmission projects on Colombia's north coast. These projects aim to connect wind and solar energy to the National Interconnected System. The issuer will provide annual sustainability reports tracking MW of renewable energy exchanged and environmental/social impacts.

This fact sheet details a debut green bond issuance by Enexis Holding NV, a Dutch electricity and gas grid group, which raised EUR 500 million in June 2020 to fund grid improvements for renewable energy, green buildings, and smart meters.

This fact sheet details a GBP 300 million green bond issued by Northern Powergrid on June 16, 2020, to finance and refinance projects related to grid reliability, renewable energy integration, and environmental mitigation.

Northern Powergrid issued a GBP300m green bond on June 16, 2020, to fund projects including renewable energy grid integration, energy-efficient buildings, and electric vehicles. The bond, which matures in 2026, is part of a growing trend of grid providers entering the green bond market to support the energy transition.

This policy brief outlines a pathway for the United States to achieve 90 percent zero carbon electricity by 2035, leveraging falling costs of solar, wind, and battery technologies. It details the economic and health benefits of this transition and provides specific policy recommendations for federal departments, agencies, and national laboratories to accelerate decarbonization.

Eurogrid issued a EUR750m green bond on 15 May 2020 to finance and refinance the Ostwind 1 and Ostwind 2 offshore connections in the Baltic Sea. The bond, certified under the Climate Bonds Standard v3 for Marine Renewable Energy, supports wind farms with a total capacity of approximately 1.5GW. It is noted as the first green bond explicitly linked to offshore wind transmission infrastructure and offshore wind in the Baltic Sea.

Red Eléctrica issued a EUR 700 million green bond on 24 January 2020 to fund renewable energy integration and clean transportation projects. The issuance supports Spain's target of 100% renewable electricity by 2050 and includes commitments to detailed annual reporting on asset distribution and CO2 emissions avoided.

This fact sheet details a BRL 530 million (USD 131 million) green bond issued by Transmissora Serra da Mantiqueira (TSM), a special purpose vehicle controlled by the Brazilian energy holding company Alupar, to finance transmission infrastructure connected to Brazil's national grid.

This fact sheet from the Climate Bonds Initiative details a BRL 1.294 billion (USD 343 million) green bond issued by Neoenergia, a subsidiary of Iberdrola in Brazil, on July 23, 2019.

This fact sheet details a USD 400 million green bond issued by Consorcio Transmantaro S.A. on April 16, 2019, to finance energy transmission infrastructure in Peru.

This fact sheet describes a green bond issued by Taesa (Transmissora Aliança de Energia Elétrica) on May 24, 2019, to finance energy transmission infrastructure in Brazil.

This briefing from the World Resources Institute's Electricity Initiative outlines the need for large corporate energy buyers and utilities to move beyond individual renewable energy projects toward integrated, system-wide low-carbon strategies to achieve cost-effective greenhouse gas reductions.

A fact sheet detailing a BRL621 million (USD179 million) green bond issued by ISA CTEEP on April 23, 2018, to finance electricity grid infrastructure in Brazil.

This fact sheet describes a USD120m private placement bond issued by Argo Infrastructure Partner in August 2015 to fund the Cross-Sound Cable project. The project utilizes an undersea cable to transmit renewable energy (wind and hydro) from New England to Long Island. Although the bond was initially unlabelled, it received an E1/87 Green Evaluation from S&P Global Ratings in 2017. Carbon savings for the project are estimated by consultant ESAI to be equivalent to 600MW of wind capacity, though the issuer has not yet set a reporting timeline for emissions reductions.