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The document argues for a fundamental shift from 'zero-sum offsetting' to a 'results based climate finance' (RBCF) model for the Article 6.4 mechanism. It recommends strict environmental integrity criteria, including a partial cancellation rate for credits and the exclusion of emission removals. To prevent the carry-over of failures from the Kyoto Protocol, it proposes a full re-assessment of existing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects and prohibits the use of pre-2020 units for post-2020 targets. The brief also emphasizes the need for independent governance, a formal grievance mechanism to protect human rights, and mandatory local stakeholder consultations.

Google achieved its goal of matching 100% of its global electricity consumption with renewable energy in 2017, investing over $3.5 billion USD across 26 projects. The company now aims for a 'moonshot' goal of powering operations on a region-specific, 24/7 basis with zero-carbon energy. To achieve this, Google focuses on regional procurement to overcome regulatory barriers, the pursuit of new technologies to manage resource variability, and the promotion of energy policies that empower consumers. Additionally, Google launched the Environmental Insights Explorer in 2018 to help cities estimate carbon emissions and renewable energy potential.

Friends of the Earth International calls for an immediate transition from a pollutant-heavy energy system to a decentralized, people-led model. The statement rejects 'false solutions' like carbon capture and argues that developed nations must take primary responsibility for emissions reductions and financial transfers to the Global South to ensure a just transition.

Friends of the Earth International calls for a transition from 'Dirty Energy'—including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and large-scale hydropower—to decentralized, people-centered community energy. The statement criticizes 'false solutions' like BECCS and carbon offsets, highlighting the disproportionate responsibility of the global North for emissions and the need for a just transition that includes significant financial flows to the global South.

A joint letter from environmental NGOs argues that the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) is environmentally weak and inconsistent with the Paris Agreement. The authors demand that the EU maintain the more ambitious EU ETS for aviation and refrain from committing to CORSIA's voluntary phases until the legal review of the ETS Directive is finished.

Carbon Market Watch advocates for a single mechanism under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to replace Kyoto Protocol mechanisms and prevent the use of CDM credits post-2020. To ensure the aviation sector's use of offsets does not hinder global mitigation, the organization proposes a ratchet mechanism on NDC scope, rules to prevent double counting via corresponding adjustments, and a 50% discount rate on offset credits. Additionally, it recommends establishing detailed rules for local stakeholder consultations and a grievance mechanism to protect communities from project-related adverse impacts.

The document proposes replacing traditional carbon offsetting with a results-based climate finance (RBCF) system under a unified Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM). It argues that while the aviation sector currently relies on offsets via CORSIA, this should be a transitory arrangement phased out by 2030 through a 'ratchet mechanism' on Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) scope. To ensure environmental integrity and avoid double counting, the author recommends a 50% discount rate on offsets, mandatory corresponding adjustments by host countries, and a transparent international registry. Additionally, the SDM should incorporate stakeholder consultation rules, grievance mechanisms, and restrictions on harmful technologies like coal to foster genuine sustainable development.

The document examines Kenya's strategic shift toward an integrated Blue Economy, encompassing maritime sectors and inland water bodies. While highlighting growth in port capacity and aquaculture, it identifies critical risks including illegal fishing, environmental degradation from large infrastructure projects, and social exclusion. The author emphasizes the need for better coordination between government ministries and inclusive national dialogue to ensure sustainable development.

The document critiques the use of carbon offsetting within carbon pricing schemes, asserting that it allows entities to avoid genuine emission reductions. It highlights that while the EU has excluded international offsets for post-2020 domestic targets, Canada and China continue to support or allow them. The author specifically warns that the International Civil Aviation Organisation's (ICAO) planned sector-wide offsetting scheme risks using low-quality credits to bypass the polluter pays principle. Referencing a European Commission study, the text claims only 2% of UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects clearly reduce emissions.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) submitted comments to the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) on the post-2020 mitigation system. The CER advocates for the use of the 'low peak plateau decline (PPD) trajectory' for mitigation ambition and strongly opposes the use of 'grandfathering' (historical emissions) to set carbon budgets, as it rewards polluters. The document emphasizes the necessity of public access to facility-level greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data, citing precedents in the EU, USA, and Australia, and objects to the DEA's use of Non-Disclosure Agreements to keep such data confidential. Regarding the carbon tax, the CER argues it should remain a distinct instrument from carbon budgets and should apply to all emissions rather than only those exceeding budgets. Additionally, the CER highlights an Energy Research Centre (ERC) report finding that proposed coal-fired power stations (Thabametsi and Khanyisa) are not least-cost, are unnecessary for demand, and would increase GHG emissions by 205.7Mt CO2eq over 30 years.

Carbon Market Watch outlines critical issues facing the development of the Paris Agreement rulebook, specifically regarding carbon markets. The author emphasizes the need to prevent double counting between the UNFCCC and CORSIA, ensure additionality by requiring reductions to exceed national pledges, and protect indigenous rights through mandatory consultations. Furthermore, it warns against the trading of 'hot air' under cooperative approaches and advocates for the Sustainable Development Mechanism to function as a results-based finance scheme rather than an offsetting tool.

The briefing argues that the new international market regime under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement must move away from the concept of offsetting and instead utilize results-based climate finance. It emphasizes that the Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) should learn from the failures of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) to ensure environmental integrity, sustainable development, and the protection of human rights.

The document argues that the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), designed to offset CO2 emissions increases above 2020 levels, requires clear guidance under the Paris Agreement. It emphasizes the need for rules to prevent double counting of UNFCCC units, ensure transparent communication of aviation sector progress, and improve public access to information.

Carbon Market Watch argues that the Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) must transition from a zero-sum offsetting system to a results-based climate finance scheme to maintain environmental integrity and social safeguards. The organization also warns that the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) could increase global emissions if double counting of reductions is not prevented through transparent monitoring and a common accounting system.

The document argues for the phase-out of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in favor of a results-based Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) that prioritizes climate finance over offsetting. It emphasizes the need for mandatory local stakeholder consultations and recourse mechanisms to prevent human rights violations. Additionally, it warns that the ICAO's CORSIA scheme for aviation emissions risks undermining the Paris Agreement if double-counting of emission reductions occurs.

Carbon Market Watch advocates for the application of the polluter-pays principle through robust carbon pricing that avoids free permits, offsets, and fossil fuel subsidies. The organization proposes using carbon pricing revenues to support the most vulnerable communities, ensuring a fair distribution of mitigation costs.

The paper analyzes the supply curve of CERs from CDM projects, finding a significant volume of units available below €1 per unit, many of which do not require CER revenues to continue abatement. It concludes that without eligibility restrictions, CORSIA's demand for offsets up to 2035 would likely fail to raise CER prices or increase overall greenhouse gas abatement.

This briefing contends that the CORSIA global offsetting mechanism for aviation is too weak to incentivize efficiency and calls for additional European-level measures to ensure the sector contributes fairly to climate goals.

The document describes CORSIA as the first global market-based climate measure for a sector, agreed upon by 191 countries via ICAO. While acknowledging its importance, the author argues that stabilizing emissions at 2020 levels is insufficient to meet Paris Agreement temperature goals and requires additional state and regional government action. It also outlines the five technical components of the 'CORSIA Package' distributed in December 2017, covering emissions coverage, monitoring, unit quality, sustainable fuels, and compliance reporting.

The guide critiques the ICAO's CORSIA scheme, arguing that offsetting is incompatible with Paris Agreement goals and prone to failures seen in the UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), such as lack of additionality and human rights violations.