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The report examines the potential for direct electrification to decarbonize China's industrial process heating, which accounts for nearly three-quarters of the manufacturing sector's CO2 emissions. It focuses on industrial heat pumps for low-temperature needs (up to 165 °C) and thermal batteries for high-temperature needs (up to 1,700 °C). A techno-economic analysis reveals that while coal-fired boilers currently have the lowest levelized cost, industrial heat pumps become the cheapest option for low-temperature heat when 2030 carbon pricing is included. The report identifies significant barriers, including the high cost of electricity relative to coal and limited equipment availability, and recommends policies such as equipment rebates, carbon pricing expansion, and the optimization of Green Electricity Certificates to accelerate the transition.

The document highlights Afghanistan's significant superhot rock geothermal resources, noting that just 1% of this endowment could provide 144 GW of energy capacity. It argues that this energy source could reduce energy poverty, lower land-use requirements compared to other renewables, and provide reliable firm power to the electrical grid.

The document highlights the significant potential of superhot rock geothermal energy in Bhutan, noting that just 1% of its resources could provide 26 GW of energy capacity. It argues that this technology offers a land-efficient, firm power source that could reduce energy poverty, create jobs, and support the production of low-carbon hydrogen.

The document highlights that just 1% of Cameroon's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 427 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 7,937 GWh. While unlikely to meet 2030 climate goals, this technology could theoretically replace all coal and gas in the electricity sector, reducing emissions by approximately 2 megatonnes of CO2eq. The report emphasizes the technology's low land footprint (12 km² per 1 GW) and its potential to address energy poverty, as over 35% of Cameroon's population currently lacks electricity access.

The document highlights that just 1% of Ethiopia's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 1657 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 149,316 GWh. While not expected to reach commercial scale by 2030, the technology is presented as a high-density, firm power source that could reduce energy poverty, create jobs, and support net-zero goals by 2050.

The document highlights Iran's significant superhot rock geothermal resources, noting that just 1% of this endowment could generate 3,121,694 GWh of electricity, far exceeding the country's 2021 consumption of 344,157 GWh. It argues that this energy source offers a low land-use footprint, provides reliable 24/7 power, and creates a transition pathway for Iran's oil and gas workforce.

The document highlights that just 1% of Libya's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 2,399 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 72,149 GWh. It argues that this technology offers a low-land-footprint alternative to fossil fuels and other renewables, while providing a transition pathway for Libya's oil and gas workforce.

The document highlights that just 1% of Mozambique's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 38 GW of capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 18,860 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all fossil fuels in the electricity sector, eliminate the 43% of electricity currently imported, and require significantly less land than other energy sources.

The document highlights the immense potential of superhot rock geothermal energy in Papua New Guinea, noting that just 1% of its resource could provide 358 GW of energy capacity. While not expected to reach commercial scale in time for the country's 2030 NDC goals, the technology is presented as a long-term solution for clean firm power, efficient land use, and a transition pathway for the existing oil and gas workforce.

The document highlights Sudan's significant superhot rock geothermal resources, noting that just 1% of this potential could vastly exceed the country's 2021 electricity consumption. It argues that this energy source offers a low land-use footprint, provides reliable 24/7 power, and could eventually support Sudan's low-carbon energy strategy and economic growth, although it will not reach commercial scale in time to meet 2030 NDC goals.

The document highlights Timor-Leste's significant superhot rock geothermal resources, noting that just 1% of its endowment could provide 10 GW of energy capacity. It argues that this technology offers a low-land-footprint alternative to other energy sources and provides a transition pathway for the country's oil and gas workforce.

The document highlights that just 1% of Uzbekistan's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 8 GW of capacity, generating over 69,871 GWh of electricity, which is approximately 98% of the country's 2021 annual electricity demand. It argues that this technology could replace coal and gas imports, reduce land-use footprints compared to other renewables, and leverage existing subsurface expertise from the oil and gas sector.

The document highlights superhot rock geothermal as an emerging, energy-dense renewable source that could provide firm power globally. In Vanuatu, preliminary modeling suggests that just 1% of the country's superhot rock resource could provide 6 GW of energy capacity, equivalent to 27 million barrels of oil. While unlikely to reach commercial scale by Vanuatu's 2030 goal of nearly 100% renewable electricity, the technology offers significant land-use efficiency, requiring only 12 km² per 1 GW compared to much larger footprints for solar or wind. The document argues that developing this resource could reduce energy poverty, create jobs in engineering and geology, and attract foreign investment to Vanuatu.

The document highlights that just 1% of Yemen's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 1,052 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 2,913 GWh. It argues that this energy source could offer a low-land-footprint, reliable alternative to fossil fuels, supporting desalination, hydrogen production, and economic growth.