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The study predicts a significant biomass deficit in Uganda from the 2020s onwards, which climate change is expected to exacerbate by reducing domestic wood availability by 5 to 10 percent between 2020 and 2050. Addressing this gap through imported biomass or LPG would require additional expenditures of US$0.6-1.3 billion or US$5-11 billion, respectively. While a potential 26 percent decline in hydropower potential by 2050 could be managed by the government's current expansion programme, this requires an estimated US$83 billion in capital investment for hydro, nuclear, and other generation through 2050. The document recommends prioritizing a switch from traditional biomass to modern energy sources and implementing energy efficiency standards.