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This 2010 research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute estimates the carbon footprint of smallholder diesel and electric irrigation pumps in five Sub-Saharan African countries. The study finds that emissions from these pumps are currently a negligible fraction of national agricultural emissions and are unlikely to become significant even under high-adoption scenarios, though local water resource stress may pose a more immediate environmental risk.

This report by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) provides preliminary estimates of global energy subsidies by source for 2007, detailing the assumptions and calculations used for nuclear energy, renewable energy, biofuels, fossil fuels, and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).