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This IISD briefing analyzes the July 2025 ICJ advisory opinion, which suggests that providing fossil fuel subsidies may constitute an internationally wrongful act. It argues that this legal reasoning could extend to other harmful subsidies, such as those in agriculture, and urges states to implement transparent, gradual phase-outs of such incentives to reduce their international legal risk.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the implications of a July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) advisory opinion on climate change for international investment law. It argues that the ICJ's recognition of climate action as a binding legal obligation undermines investor claims based on 'legitimate expectations' for fossil fuel activities and provides states with stronger legal defenses against Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) claims.

This policy brief analyzes the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, specifically focusing on how it affects the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). The document argues that the ICJ rejected the 'lex specialis' doctrine, ruling instead that climate obligations are integrated with other environmental treaties, human rights law, and customary international law.

The 'Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Belize' (2026) documents NbS projects implemented between 2018 and 2025 across all districts of Belize. It highlights a shift from grey infrastructure to nature-based approaches to address climate risks such as sea level rise, hurricanes, and drought. Key projects include the protection of 96,000 hectares of the Selva Maya forest, the expansion of marine protected areas from 13% to 22%, and the restoration of thermally tolerant corals. The report emphasizes the role of NGOs and community-based organizations in implementing these solutions and the importance of integrating NbS into national policies like the National Landscape Restoration Strategy.

This report summarizes the results of a 2025 public consultation conducted by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) to identify pressing policy problems in international investment governance and determine the ideal tools—such as national laws or treaties—to address them.

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) urges the European Union to maintain its moratorium on Arctic fossil fuel extraction and phase out imports from north of the Arctic Circle. The submission argues that Arctic oil and gas are too expensive (USD 75/barrel) and slow to develop (13+ years) to provide energy security, while posing severe ecological risks and increasing geopolitical vulnerability, particularly in the Barents Sea shared with Russia. IISD notes that this position aligns the EU with Canada and Greenland, who have implemented similar bans or moratoriums.

The March 2026 Peace & Security Council Report by the Institute for Security Studies examines the outcomes of the 39th African Union (AU) Summit, the composition and normative challenges of the Peace and Security Council (PSC), and the adoption of a new memorandum of understanding to coordinate the Africa Standby Force (ASF).

This report by the Stockholm Environment Institute provides a comprehensive analysis of Colombia's electrical transmission sector as of 2025. It details the institutional framework, the structure of the National Interconnected System (SIN), and the critical structural challenges—including severe project delays and technical capacity exhaustion—that threaten the integration of new renewable energy generation projects.

This report analyzes the governance of critical minerals for the energy transition in Chile, specifically copper and lithium. Using case studies from the Tarapacá and Antofagasta regions, it evaluates the application of UN principles on equity and justice, identifying significant gaps in indigenous participation, water management, and the distribution of mining royalties. The document proposes a series of safeguards driven by civil society to ensure a more just and sustainable energy transition.

This report by Transforma and the Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) analyzes the governance of energy transition minerals in Colombia, focusing on copper and nickel. Using the Quebradona copper project and the Cerro Matoso nickel mine as case studies, the document identifies systemic failures in environmental and social safeguards, including the criminalization of protest, violations of prior consultation rights, and inadequate benefit distribution. It proposes a set of safeguards aligned with UN principles to ensure that the extraction of strategic minerals does not reproduce historical patterns of inequality and socio-environmental conflict.

This technical appendix details the econometric modeling and robustness checks used to estimate the impact of climate extremes on farmgate lamb prices in Great Britain from January 2019 to February 2026. The analysis employs a rolling-window ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to demonstrate that both short-term drought and long-term wet conditions drive price increases through a grass-fed supply chain mechanism.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) submitted written comments on the Water Services Amendment Bill [B24 – 2025], welcoming the introduction of a licensing regime for Water Services Providers (WSPs) and personal liability for directors and municipal managers. However, the CER raised significant concerns regarding the concentration of authority in the Director General, the lack of mandatory environmental and public-health standards in the licensing process, and the absence of emergency enforcement mechanisms for acute pollution events. The CER argues that while the Bill improves governance, it fails to address systemic under-funding of infrastructure and climate-change resilience.

The global pipeline for wind and utility-scale solar projects grew by 11% in 2025, reaching 4.9 TW. While China and India lead in construction and prospective capacity, G7 nations show stagnant growth in their pipelines, creating a gap in meeting the COP28 goal to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030.

Ember's submission to the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero argues that the proposed common biomass sustainability framework fails to address the high emissions, import reliance, and costs associated with biomass power. Ember recommends limiting large-scale biomass generation, shifting to domestic sourcing, and scaling up low-carbon alternatives like wind, solar, and batteries to align with UK carbon budgets and energy independence goals.

This guide by RMI explains the climate and health impacts of methane, its primary sources, and strategies for reduction. It highlights the role of data and international agreements in curbing emissions and details RMI's specific tools and initiatives for monitoring and certifying low-methane gas production.

This report documents a three-day workshop focused on the intersection of climate change and South Africa's food system, specifically exploring how to use the Climate Change Act 22 of 2024 to advocate for justice-based transformations. The workshop brought together diverse stakeholders—including labour, civil society, and small-scale producers—to move beyond technical 'climate-smart' fixes toward transformative alternatives like agroecology and land reform.

The Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) criticizes the 2026 South African National Budget for maintaining austerity measures, failing to address chronic poverty and unemployment, and prioritizing tax relief for higher-income earners over essential public services and social protection.

This report details lessons from participatory climate vulnerability assessments conducted in nearly 100 communities in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe from 2024 to 2025. It emphasizes the need to integrate scientific data with local knowledge, involve local governments early to ensure institutionalization, and maintain transparency and sensitive communication during overlapping crises to ensure effective community-based adaptation.

This guide provides a framework for monitoring and accountability regarding federal sustainable jobs efforts in Canada, offering practical guidance on indicators and monitoring frameworks to support a transparent, evidence-based just transition policy.

This research paper examines Russia's diplomatic, economic, and security relations with Southern African nations, particularly since the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. It argues that while Russia leverages historical liberation-era ties and anti-Western rhetoric to maintain influence, its impact is severely limited by economic weakness, international sanctions, and a reliance on symbolic gestures over tangible developmental gains.