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The paper argues that the simultaneous impacts of multiple drivers—climate, population, land use, and water use—on biodiversity and ecosystem services are largely unknown and rarely analysed together. Using the Norrström drainage basin in Sweden as a case study, the authors highlight that despite significant historical changes since the 19th century, including a 1.6°C temperature increase and rapid urbanization, there is insufficient data on the resulting impacts on biodiversity. The authors advocate for interdisciplinary research and the use of matching-scale data to support adaptive governance.