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The research finds that human-induced climate change significantly increased the intensity and probability of extreme fire weather in eastern Canada in 2023, particularly in Québec, where the cumulative severity of the fire season was approximately 50% more intense and at least seven times more likely to occur.

The report applies a full cost accounting (FCA) approach to quantify the externalities of thermal power production in Eastern Canada, focusing on air pollution (SOx, NOx, VOC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It finds that coal-fired power generates the highest externalities, with central estimates of $0.0394/kWh, which exceeds its marginal production cost of approximately $0.026/kWh. The study argues that internalizing these costs would shift investment toward natural gas, demand-side management, and renewable energy, and warns that Canada's Kyoto compliance strategy may forego domestic health co-benefits by favoring international emission credits over domestic reductions.