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This research paper outlines a study aimed at evaluating and costing climate change adaptation measures for coffee and banana farming systems in Rwanda, aligning with the Rwandan Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (2008-2012).

This report chapter examines the ecological and economic failures of industrial agriculture and proposes a transition toward 'natural capitalism' in food production. It argues that while industrial methods increased raw output, they did so by depleting natural capital—specifically soil health and genetic diversity—and creating a chemical dependency that threatens long-term food security and climate stability. The text advocates for a shift toward biological farming, perennial polycultures, and ecosystem-based livestock management to restore soil carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.