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This technical explainer by RMI analyzes the voluntary carbon market (VCM) for ozone-depleting substances (ODS) recovery and destruction credits. It details how these projects provide high-additionality climate benefits by permanently destroying potent greenhouse gases like CFCs, while identifying significant logistical, legal, and technical barriers to scaling, particularly in developing nations.

This research paper examines the nature of fluorinated gases (F-gases), their impact on global warming, and the international and domestic policy frameworks designed to phase them down, specifically focusing on the Kigali Amendment and the U.S. AIM Act.

This policy brief examines the success of the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol in phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It highlights the synergy between science, diplomacy, and the private sector, noting that the regime has not only facilitated the recovery of the ozone layer but has also provided significant climate co-benefits by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

A briefing by Energy Innovation detailing the potential climate impact of a U.S. Court of Appeals ruling that vacated an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard for regulating hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) through the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program.

This guidance document from the NewClimate Institute provides a framework for policymakers to design national mitigation strategies for the refrigeration, air conditioning and foam (RAC&F) sector. It emphasizes the need to align efforts between the UNFCCC and the Montreal Protocol to meet the temperature targets of the Paris Agreement.

This statement by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) commemorates the life and legacy of Dr. Mostafa Tolba, who led the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for nearly 20 years and played a pivotal role in establishing the foundations of international environmental law.

This 2009 briefing by the Environmental and Energy Study Institute examines the Montreal Protocol's success in ozone recovery and its failure to address the climate impacts of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and their substitutes, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). It highlights the risk posed by existing ODS 'banks' and the rapid growth of HFC emissions, while discussing proposed legislative responses in the United States and internationally.

The Interlinked ODS Phase-out Activities Handbook provides guidance for government officers to reduce the demand for ozone-depleting refrigerants in the servicing sector through coordinated stakeholder activities.

This research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute evaluates the Swedish Ozone Layer Protection programme (OLP), a bilateral initiative from 1999 to 2006 designed to support the implementation of the Montreal Protocol in developing countries and economies in transition. The report identifies country ownership, capacity building, and stakeholder participation as critical governance factors for the successful national phase-out of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It argues that a shift from top-down regulation to bottom-up governance is necessary for sustainable implementation and provides recommendations for reforming the incentive structures of implementing agencies and the status of national ozone units.

This case study examines the impact of the federal Fluorocarbon Tax on Distributor Inc., a large independent chemical distributor in the United States. The document details how the tax on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), intended to protect the stratospheric ozone layer, created accounting challenges and strained customer relationships as costs were passed through the supply chain.

This briefing describes the establishment, organizational structure, and financing of the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund, designed to provide financial and technical assistance to developing countries to phase out ozone-depleting substances.

Natural Justice submitted a series of proposed amendments to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) regarding the review of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Controlled Substances) Regulations, 2007. The submissions focus on increasing transparency, strengthening enforcement through monetary penalties and deposit bonds, and aligning national lists of ozone-depleting substances with international standards set by the Montreal Protocol and the Vienna Convention.

This research paper examines the governance of global environmental commons through the lens of public goods theory and historical outcomes. It argues that while global governance has seen uneven results, ramping up effectiveness requires strengthening national coalitions, leveraging technological innovation, and reinforcing the narrative of sustainable development.

This briefing by the World Resources Institute examines the status of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the United States, highlighting their growth as greenhouse gas emissions and the availability of low-global warming potential (GWP) alternatives. It argues that market forces alone are insufficient to drive the transition and recommends specific regulatory actions by the EPA and the U.S. government to phase down high-GWP HFCs.