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The document distinguishes between dry gas (primarily methane) and wet gas (methane mixed with marketable higher hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, and butane). It identifies gaseous wastes including hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methane, and carbon dioxide. It further details liquid wastes, specifically produced water, which can contain carcinogenic chemicals, salts, and naturally occurring radioactive elements such as radium and uranium, noting that many wastewater treatment plants lack the capacity to remove these radioactive chemicals to meet federal drinking water standards.

The document examines the relationship between Sasol and the South African government, arguing that the company uses its position within the 'minerals-energy complex' to capture decision-making. It details Sasol's role in promoting carbon-intensive technologies like coal-to-liquid (CTL) and gas-to-liquids (GTL), its lobbying for carbon capture and storage (CCS), and its efforts to avoid legally binding global climate targets while positioning itself as an environmental leader.

The document examines Sasol, a global leader in coal-to-liquid (CTL) technology, and its systemic influence over South African energy policy. It details how Sasol's integration into the 'minerals and energy complex' (MEC) and its presence in official government delegations to UN climate negotiations allow it to promote 'false solutions' like carbon capture and storage (CCS) while opposing legally binding climate agreements. The report also highlights Sasol's expansion into shale gas in Canada and South Africa, and its role as a major emitter of greenhouse gases.

A coalition of environmental organizations argues that the EPA's proposed rules for the oil and gas industry are insufficient. They demand the direct regulation of methane, the inclusion of existing sources, the elimination of exemptions for certain wells, and the regulation of hydrogen sulfide and particulate matter. The coalition also calls for more stringent toxic air pollutant limits and a more comprehensive health risk assessment for vulnerable populations.

The document provides a glossary of terms for shale gas and oil resources. It distinguishes between undiscovered resources (believed to exist but not precisely located) and discovered resources. It further differentiates between technical recoverability (extractable using current technology) and economic recoverability (financially feasible based on market conditions). Finally, it categorizes reserves by certainty levels: proven (usually >90% certainty), probable, possible, and other (inferred or indicated) reserves.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) submitted a report to the Petroleum Agency of South Africa (PASA) following a series of community workshops in the Karoo. The CER argues that public participation by Shell's consultants, Golder Associates, was insufficient, as only 14% of workshop attendees had participated in those meetings. The document details widespread community concerns regarding water contamination, food security, and health, while noting a regional divide where some Eastern Karoo residents welcome potential economic benefits. The CER recommends additional consultation and the creation of simplified information brochures to ensure disadvantaged communities can exercise their constitutional rights.

The document is a citizen petition submitted to the EPA requesting the promulgation of rules under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to address the lack of public and regulatory information regarding chemicals used in oil and gas exploration and production (E&P Chemicals). The petitioners argue that current regulatory gaps—including the 'Halliburton Loophole' and inadequate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)—allow the industry to conceal toxic fluids that pose unreasonable risks to human health and the environment. The petition cites evidence of groundwater contamination, air quality degradation, and animal fatalities across several U.S. states. It specifically requests that the EPA mandate toxicity testing under TSCA section 4, require detailed reporting of chemical identities and volumes under section 8(a), call in records of adverse reactions under section 8(c), and require the submission of all existing health and safety studies under section 8(d).

The document is a budget vote speech by Minister Shabangu detailing a R1,036 billion budget for the 2011/12 financial year. Key priorities include the review of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA), the implementation of the SAMRAD online licensing system, and a moratorium on shale gas exploration in the Karoo. The Minister emphasizes the need for beneficiation, the rehabilitation of derelict mines, and improvements in mine health and safety following an increase in fatalities.

The document presents a satirical or corrective 'erratum' to Shell's 2010 annual report, detailing systemic failures in environmental protection and human rights. It lists specific cases of pollution in Nigeria, Curaçao, and Canada, labour abuses in Brazil, and the risks of high-volume fracking. The report proposes a set of 'Key Performance Indicators' for 2011, including a 5% annual decrease in absolute CO2 emissions and a commitment to invest 50% of annual profits into wind and solar power.

The report details 12 sustainability cases involving Royal Dutch Shell, highlighting systemic issues such as oil spills and gas flaring in Nigeria, toxic pesticide contamination in Brazil, and the high carbon intensity of Canadian tar sands. It examines the company's expansion into unconventional gas through fracking and its influence on political processes in the UK, Netherlands, and other host countries. The document argues that Shell's business strategy prioritizes profit over environmental and human rights, often employing a 'double standard' in its operational safety and reporting.

The author contends that natural gas acts as a 'palliative' rather than a cure for climate change, noting that while it emits less CO2 per kilowatt-hour than coal, its long-term use without carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is imprudent due to carbon inertia. The text emphasizes the urgent need to eliminate methane leaks from gas, oil, and coal production, which are potent greenhouse gas sources. Furthermore, it warns against over-reliance on the 'shale gale' and the assumption that shale gas will remain cheap in the long term, urging a shift toward zero-carbon energy technologies.

The Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment calls for British Columbia to update its Building Code and Energy Step Code to prohibit new gas connections by 2022 and set deadlines for existing buildings to switch to clean energy. The briefing highlights that buildings cause 12% of the province's greenhouse gas emissions and that natural gas use contributes to health risks, including childhood asthma from indoor nitrogen dioxide and lung disease linked to hydraulic fracturing in the Peace region. It notes that retrofitting a home from gas to electric currently costs over $20,000, making the 'future-proofing' of new buildings a cost-effective necessity to meet the province's goal of net-zero emissions by 2050.

The document argues that the LNG and fracking industries in British Columbia increase healthcare costs by exacerbating climate change, causing local health issues, and contributing to physician shortages in regions like Dawson Creek. It calls for a moratorium on new fracking, stricter pollution regulations, and a phase-out of natural gas in buildings by 2025.

A group of doctors and nurses issued a health advisory to the British Columbia government, warning that the expansion of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) poses severe risks to public health. They highlight the acceleration of climate change via methane leaks, air pollution causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, water depletion and contamination, and adverse community impacts including mental health issues and human rights violations against Indigenous peoples. The advisory calls for a moratorium on new fracking, stricter pollution regulations, an end to natural gas tie-ins in buildings by 2023, and support for workers and Indigenous communities transitioning to a clean-energy economy.

The document outlines the risks of 'FrackLNG' in British Columbia, noting that 84% of public health studies find evidence of hazard or risk. It highlights potential health issues such as reproductive toxicity and asthma, as well as significant threats to water and air quality. The text argues that the Pacific Northwest LNG project alone could make it nearly impossible for BC to meet its 2050 climate targets, as the project's estimated 10 Mt CO2e/year emissions would consume most of the province's 13 Mt CO2e/yr target. Additionally, it notes social risks, including increased violence against Indigenous women and girls in Northeastern BC, and calls for a moratorium on fracking permits based on the Precautionary Principle.

The Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE) and other applicants argue that the Canadian Gas Association (CGA) has engaged in greenwashing by marketing natural gas as a clean and affordable energy source. The document asserts that natural gas has a lifecycle climate impact comparable to coal, causes significant indoor and outdoor pollution, and is less affordable than heat pumps, especially as carbon pricing increases. The applicants request a Competition Bureau inquiry, a public retraction of the claims, and a $10 million fine.

The Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE) and the Canadian Association of Nurses for the Environment (CANE) call for a moratorium on fracking expansion in British Columbia, citing severe health risks to local populations and the climate impact of methane leakage. They recommend a transition to zero-emissions buildings, the end of fossil fuel subsidies, and a just transition for affected workers and Indigenous communities.

The document analyzes the EPA's April 17, 2012, rules for new oil and gas drilling, which mandate 'Reduced Emissions Completion' (REC) technology and modern equipment for pneumatic controllers and compressors to lower methane and VOC emissions. While the EPA estimates these rules will reduce methane emissions by 0.9 to 1.6 million tons per year, the author argues the rules are insufficient because they fail to directly regulate methane, include implementation delays, and ignore significant sources such as well clean-up, fracked oil wells, and existing infrastructure leaks.

The document identifies critical engineering gaps for superhot rock (SHR) geothermal wells, emphasizing that temperatures above 400°C cause severe cyclic thermal strains, material microstructural degradation, and cement failure. It proposes a hybrid design approach combining Working Stress Design (WSD), Reliability-Based Design (RBD), and Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF) to manage these loads. Key findings highlight the risk of 'cold collapse' during quenching, the potential for high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) in low-carbon steels, and the lack of downhole tools and thermohydraulic simulators capable of handling supercritical water flows.

The document identifies 22 water source areas (WSAs) in South Africa that provide 50% of surface run-off from only 8% of the land, supporting 60% of the population and 67% of economic activity. It highlights critical threats including coal and gold mining, fracking, climate change, and alien invasive vegetation, noting that only 13% of WSAs are under formal protection under the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (NEMPAA). The guide provides a 'Legal Toolbox' of seven legislative mechanisms to restrict harmful activities and restore ecological infrastructure.