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The document presents a new modelling framework that integrates the assessment of food consumption-related health risks with the quantification of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions from food production. Applied to the 2014–2018 period, the model demonstrates that integrated strategies can mitigate climate change while improving human health, though it also identifies potential trade-offs where expanded agricultural production may increase emissions.

The report finds that existing climate variability already costs Kenya up to 2% of GDP annually, with future climate change potentially adding a loss of 2.6% of GDP per year by 2030. Adaptation needs are estimated at $500 million per year for 2012, rising to $1-2 billion per year by 2030. The study also identifies significant opportunities for low-carbon growth, noting that over 80% of selected energy-related emission reduction options can be realized at a net negative cost.