choques con empresas gigantes

The report by Friends of the Earth International details 22 campaigns against multinational corporations across various sectors—including mining, oil, logging, and biotechnology—that are accused of destroying biodiversity and harming local communities. It highlights the failure of corporate self-regulation and 'greenwashing' strategies, specifically criticizing the outcomes of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and the approach of the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit. The document calls for the recognition of 'ecological debt' owed by Northern industrial nations to the Global South and demands a binding legal framework to ensure corporate accountability, including the right of communities to be consulted and to receive compensation for damages.

• Corporate globalization, characterized by industrial agriculture, unsustainable logging, and mining, is identified as the root cause of biodiversity loss, with the WWF estimating that one-third of global biodiversity has been lost since 1970.
• Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) argues that corporate self-regulation is unreliable and calls for binding international and national laws that force companies to report and be held legally and economically responsible for their impacts.
• The report defines 'ecological debt' as the accumulated debt of Northern industrialized nations to Third World countries resulting from resource looting, biodiversity loss, environmental damage, and the use of Southern space for industrial waste.
• The document claims that multinational corporations used the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to rebrand themselves as 'partners in sustainable development' to avoid binding regulations, a practice the report describes as 'greenwashing'.
• In Peru, the community of Tambogrande rejected a proposed open-pit gold mine by Manhattan Minerals Corporation through a popular plebiscite, with 98.65% of the population voting against the project to protect their agricultural livelihoods.
• In Papua New Guinea, the Ok Tedi mine operated by BHP Billiton has discharged 80,000 tons of waste daily into the Ok Tedi and Fly rivers for twenty years, destroying tropical forests and threatening the food security of local populations by depleting sago palms.
• Shell is accused of causing extensive environmental damage in the Niger Delta through oil spills, including a 1998 pipeline explosion that killed over 400 people and a 2001 spill in Ogdobo that destroyed the drinking water source for 150,000 people.
• The Chad-Cameroon pipeline project, involving ExxonMobil, Chevron, and Petronas, is criticized for deforestation and the misappropriation of funds, noting that the President of Chad used U$S 4.5 million of World Bank funds to purchase weapons instead of investing in public health and education.
• In Indonesia, Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) is cited for destroying over 280,000 hectares of tropical forests in the last decade, contributing to a national deforestation rate of 2 to 3 million hectares per year.
• The report highlights the contamination of the Norwegian coast with PCBs, attributing the pollution to chemical companies Bayer, Monsanto, and Kanegafuchi, with estimated cleanup costs of U$S 2,500 million.

APA

Friends of the Earth International (2002). choques con empresas gigantes. https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/clashes_corporate_giantsesp.pdf

Chicago

Friends of the Earth International. choques con empresas gigantes. 2002. https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/clashes_corporate_giantsesp.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Friends of the Earth International |title=choques con empresas gigantes |date=July 2002 |url=https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/clashes_corporate_giantsesp.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{friendsoftheearthinternational2002choques, author = {{Friends of the Earth International}}, title = {{choques con empresas gigantes}}, institution = {Friends of the Earth International}, year = {2002}, month = jul, url = {https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/clashes_corporate_giantsesp.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }