The Landscape of cLimaTe finance

The report estimates that at least USD 97 billion per annum in climate finance was provided in 2009/2010, with private finance (USD 55 billion) significantly outweighing public finance (at least USD 21 billion). The vast majority of these funds (USD 93 billion) are directed toward mitigation, while adaptation receives only USD 4.4 billion. The analysis highlights a critical lack of standardized definitions and a significant gap in data regarding the effectiveness of these financial flows.

• Total annual climate finance is estimated at at least USD 97 billion, though this figure may not fully represent 'additional' finance as promised in the Copenhagen Accord because a significant portion was provided prior to the summit.
• Private sector finance is the dominant source of climate funding, providing an average of USD 55 billion, which is nearly three times the amount provided by public budgets (at least USD 21 billion).
• There is a severe imbalance between mitigation and adaptation funding, with mitigation receiving USD 93 billion (approximately 95%) and adaptation receiving only USD 4.4 billion (approximately 5%).
• Investment-based instruments, including ownership interests, constitute the bulk of climate finance, totaling between USD 74 billion and USD 87 billion.
• Market rate loans are the most prevalent instrument, accounting for approximately USD 56 billion, followed by equity at USD 18 billion and concessional loans at USD 13 billion.
• Intermediaries distribute approximately 40% of total climate finance (USD 39 billion annually), with bilateral institutions providing a larger share (USD 24 billion) than multilateral institutions (USD 15 billion).
• Carbon finance plays a minimal role in the overall landscape, contributing only USD 2 billion of the total USD 97 billion.
• Adaptation finance is primarily delivered through bilateral institutions (USD 3.6 billion), while mitigation finance is largely driven by the private sector (USD 55 billion).
• REDD+ finance is estimated to be around USD 0.7 billion per annum, though other estimates suggest it could be as high as USD 1.8 billion or even USD 10 billion in China for afforestation and reforestation.
• The report identifies four major systemic issues in climate finance tracking: a lack of agreed-upon definitions, conflicting tracking objectives, limited coordination between data sources, and significant information gaps regarding private finance and effectiveness.

APA

Buchner, B., Morgan, A. F., Hervé-Mignucci, Trabacchi, C., & Brinkman, M. (2011). The Landscape of cLimaTe finance. Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/The-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-120120.pdf

Chicago

Buchner, Barbara, Angela Falconer Morgan, Hervé-Mignucci, Chiara Trabacchi, and Marcel Brinkman. The Landscape of cLimaTe finance. Climate Policy Initiative, 2011. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/The-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-120120.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Buchner |first1=Barbara |last2=Morgan |first2=Angela Falconer |last3=Hervé-Mignucci |last4=Trabacchi |first4=Chiara |last5=Brinkman |first5=Marcel |title=The Landscape of cLimaTe finance |publisher=Climate Policy Initiative |date=27 October 2011 |url=https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/The-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-120120.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{buchner2011landscape, author = {Buchner, Barbara and Morgan, Angela Falconer and Hervé-Mignucci and Trabacchi, Chiara and Brinkman, Marcel}, title = {{The Landscape of cLimaTe finance}}, institution = {Climate Policy Initiative}, year = {2011}, month = oct, url = {https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/The-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-120120.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }