Dari Menambang ke Menanam: Transisi Ekonomi Berkelanjutan untuk Berau, Kalimantan Timur

The report analyzes the economic fragility of Berau Regency due to its heavy reliance on coal mining and the risks of replacing it with a palm oil monoculture. It argues for a multi-dimensional transition focusing on palm oil productivity efficiency over expansion, diversification into high-value crops like pepper and cocoa, and the development of downstream processing industries. The document also proposes optimizing local government revenue and implementing innovative ecological fiscal transfer mechanisms to incentivize sustainable land management.

• Berau's economy is highly vulnerable to price fluctuations due to its extreme dependence on coal, which consistently contributed over 60% of the regional gross domestic product (PDRB). This reliance led to budget deficits in 2015 and 2016 when coal prices dropped.
• The rapid expansion of palm oil in Berau has created a new lack of economic diversity, with palm oil now accounting for approximately 90% of planted areas and 31% of plantation land. This shift has displaced other crops, such as coconut, rubber, and cocoa, and reduced food security by increasing dependence on food imports.
• Berau's palm oil productivity is significantly below national benchmarks. Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) yields are less than 17 tons/ha compared to the national best practice of 22 tons/ha, and Crude Palm Oil (CPO) yields are 2.0–2.8 tons/ha compared to the national average of 3.5 tons/ha.
• There is a significant loss of potential value because Berau lacks CPO refineries, exporting raw CPO to eight refineries across Indonesia and Malaysia. Establishing local refineries could increase national tax revenue by approximately Rp405 billion (USD31 million).
• Diversification into other plantation crops could be more profitable than palm oil. Analysis from 2010-2014 shows that the production value of pepper per hectare was more than three times that of smallholder palm oil and nearly twice that of private company palm oil.
• Palm oil growth has not translated into significant local government revenue. In 2016, the sector contributed Rp559 billion to the central government, but only Rp9.77 billion (2%) returned to Berau through revenue-sharing funds (DBH).
• The report suggests implementing ecological fiscal transfer mechanisms, such as the Ecology-based Provincial Budget Transfer (TAPE) and Ecology-based Regency Budget Transfer (TAKE), to reward districts and villages that protect forests and manage land sustainably.
• Local government revenue (PAD) in Berau is dominated by passive income and service-related taxes (hotels, restaurants), with very little coming from land or agricultural permits. There is room to grow PAD by adding refinery and port permits to the retribution list.

APA

Mafira, T., Muluk, S., & Conway, S. (2019). Dari Menambang ke Menanam: Transisi Ekonomi Berkelanjutan untuk Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Dari-Menambang-ke-Menanam.pdf

Chicago

Mafira, Tiza, Saeful Muluk, and Sarah Conway. Dari Menambang ke Menanam: Transisi Ekonomi Berkelanjutan untuk Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Climate Policy Initiative, 2019. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Dari-Menambang-ke-Menanam.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Mafira |first1=Tiza |last2=Muluk |first2=Saeful |last3=Conway |first3=Sarah |title=Dari Menambang ke Menanam: Transisi Ekonomi Berkelanjutan untuk Berau, Kalimantan Timur |publisher=Climate Policy Initiative |date=June 2019 |url=https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Dari-Menambang-ke-Menanam.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{mafira2019dari, author = {Mafira, Tiza and Muluk, Saeful and Conway, Sarah}, title = {{Dari Menambang ke Menanam: Transisi Ekonomi Berkelanjutan untuk Berau, Kalimantan Timur}}, institution = {Climate Policy Initiative}, year = {2019}, month = jun, url = {https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Dari-Menambang-ke-Menanam.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }