O papel da Zona Franca de Manaus na eficiência do setor de ar-condicionado

The report finds that the air-conditioning sector in Brazil suffers from low energy efficiency compared to international standards, with a deterioration in both productive and energy efficiency between 2003 and 2015. Despite significant tax exemptions provided by the Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM), which accounted for approximately R$ 285 million in 2015 for the AC sector, these incentives have not translated into improved efficiency or higher wages for workers. The authors argue that the Basic Productive Process (PPB) requirements, particularly those mandating the use of outdated national compressors, create distortions that hinder the adoption of modern technologies like inverter compressors and suppress competition. Consequently, rising sales of inefficient AC units, driven by heatwaves and increased income, have led to a 237% increase in residential electricity consumption for ACs between 2005 and 2017.

• Brazilian air-conditioning units exhibit low energy efficiency compared to international benchmarks, with average efficiency increasing by only 10.2% from 2010 to 2018, whereas India saw a 29% improvement (2011-2017) and Vietnam a 30.8% improvement (2013-2018).
• The air-conditioning sector experienced a decline in both productive efficiency (5%) and energy efficiency (2%) between 2003 and 2015, a trend that differs from the broader Brazilian manufacturing industry, which remained stable.
• The Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM) industrial policy, specifically the Basic Productive Process (PPB), creates distortions by requiring the use of outdated national compressors, which are not inverter technology, thereby hindering energy efficiency.
• In 2015, the estimated tax expenditure (renúncia fiscal) for the air-conditioning sector within the ZFM was approximately R$ 285 million, representing 7% of all tax benefits granted to the ZFM's industrial sector.
• The ZFM concentrates the majority of the AC sector's industrial production and employment (48% of the national workforce), but these firms typically have larger sizes and lower average salaries than the national average.
• Residential electricity consumption for air conditioners in Brazil increased by approximately 237% between 2005 and 2017, driven by increased sales and insufficient gains in energy efficiency.
• Stricter minimum energy efficiency standards for air conditioners could have avoided the emission of 6.3 Mt CO2 by 2035, representing a savings of approximately R$ 8 billion.

APA

Schutze, A., Holz, R., & Assunção, J. (2020). O papel da Zona Franca de Manaus na eficiência do setor de ar-condicionado. Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Relatório-O-papel-da-Zona-Franca-de-Manaus-na-eficiência-do-setor-de-ar-condicionado.pdf

Chicago

Schutze, Amanda, Rhayana Holz, and Juliano Assunção. O papel da Zona Franca de Manaus na eficiência do setor de ar-condicionado. Climate Policy Initiative, 2020. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Relatório-O-papel-da-Zona-Franca-de-Manaus-na-eficiência-do-setor-de-ar-condicionado.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Schutze |first1=Amanda |last2=Holz |first2=Rhayana |last3=Assunção |first3=Juliano |title=O papel da Zona Franca de Manaus na eficiência do setor de ar-condicionado |publisher=Climate Policy Initiative |date=August 2020 |url=https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Relatório-O-papel-da-Zona-Franca-de-Manaus-na-eficiência-do-setor-de-ar-condicionado.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{schutze2020papel, author = {Schutze, Amanda and Holz, Rhayana and Assunção, Juliano}, title = {{O papel da Zona Franca de Manaus na eficiência do setor de ar-condicionado}}, institution = {Climate Policy Initiative}, year = {2020}, month = aug, url = {https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Relatório-O-papel-da-Zona-Franca-de-Manaus-na-eficiência-do-setor-de-ar-condicionado.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }