Facteurs et défis associés au développement respectueux du climat

This research paper by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) examines the drivers and obstacles associated with Climate Compatible Development (CCD). It defines CCD as a strategy that minimizes climate impact damage while maximizing human development opportunities in a low-emission future. The document identifies five key sociopolitical drivers—national resilience needs, energy security, economic opportunities, climate finance access, and strong government leadership—and seven primary implementation challenges, including high opportunity costs, political resistance, and institutional constraints.

• Climate Compatible Development (CCD) is driven by a recognized national need to adapt to climate change to protect economic growth and reduce poverty, particularly in the least developed countries. For example, in Kenya, a drought between 1998 and 2000 reduced the GDP by 16% annually, and future extreme weather is expected to cause an annual GDP reduction of approximately 3% by 2030. In Ethiopia, potential economic growth could be halved by 2025 without a green, climate-resilient economy.
• Energy security and the efficient use of natural resources are major drivers for CCD, as many developing nations are net oil importers facing rising prices. China's 12th Five-Year Plan specifically prioritizes the efficient exploitation of natural resources to maintain growth given its large population and low per capita resource levels.
• CCD provides opportunities for new economic growth through the development and export of green technologies and improved long-term competitiveness. China has become a leader in solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies through private sector dialogue and green investment policies. Additionally, green sectors can create significant employment; estimates suggest a potential for 30 million new green jobs in China's energy, forestry, and industrial sectors by 2020.
• Access to international climate finance and market mechanisms acts as a catalyst for CCD strategies. Countries like Guyana have developed forest preservation strategies to access REDD+ funding for economic diversification. Mexico sought a 500 million USD Clean Technology Fund from the World Bank for its Special Programme on Climate Change.
• Strong political leadership is essential for CCD, whether it comes from individual leaders, such as the President of Rwanda who envisioned a low-carbon developed economy by 2050, or from institutional coordination. Effective CCD requires integrating climate goals into ministries of finance and planning rather than leaving them solely with environment ministries.
• High costs, particularly opportunity costs, represent a significant barrier to CCD. For instance, Ecuador requested international compensation for 50% of the opportunity costs of not exploiting the Yasuni-ITT oil field. In Guyana, the 'Economic Value to the Nation' (EVN) of its rainforest is estimated between 4.3 billion USD and 23.4 billion USD, creating a high cost for choosing conservation over alternative land use.
• Political resistance from interest groups, including polluting industries and those fearing the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, hinders CCD. Fossil fuel subsidies are often regressive; in 2010, only 8% of the 409 billion USD in global subsidies went to the poorest 20% of the population, yet removing them remains politically unpopular.
• Short-termism in government, driven by electoral pressures and a focus on immediate high growth, often overrides long-term CCD benefits. The document suggests that incorporating CCD into law and long-term processes can reduce vulnerability to electoral cycles.
• Institutional constraints, such as unclear responsibilities between ministries and a lack of technical capacity, impede implementation. A study of 10 Latin American countries found that while many climate policies exist, implementation is low; in Chile, only 25% of the actions in the 2008 National Action Plan were implemented.
• Technological uncertainties and the high cost of low-carbon alternatives compared to fossil fuels discourage investment. India addressed this through the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), which used 25-year power purchase agreements and a guarantee fund to create a secure investment environment for solar energy.

APA

Ellis, K., Cambray, A., & Lemma, A. (2013). Facteurs et défis associés au développement respectueux du climat. Climate and Development Knowledge Network. https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CDKN_Working_Paper-Climate_Compatible_Development_French_final_low-res.pdf

Chicago

Ellis, Karen, Ali Cambray, and Alberto Lemma. Facteurs et défis associés au développement respectueux du climat. Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 2013. https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CDKN_Working_Paper-Climate_Compatible_Development_French_final_low-res.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Ellis |first1=Karen |last2=Cambray |first2=Ali |last3=Lemma |first3=Alberto |title=Facteurs et défis associés au développement respectueux du climat |publisher=Climate and Development Knowledge Network |date=February 2013 |url=https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CDKN_Working_Paper-Climate_Compatible_Development_French_final_low-res.pdf |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{ellis2013facteurs, author = {Ellis, Karen and Cambray, Ali and Lemma, Alberto}, title = {{Facteurs et défis associés au développement respectueux du climat}}, institution = {Climate and Development Knowledge Network}, year = {2013}, month = feb, url = {https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CDKN_Working_Paper-Climate_Compatible_Development_French_final_low-res.pdf}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }