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The document argues that coal mining in Mpumalanga, South Africa, disproportionately harms women and girls by polluting water and air, destroying arable land, and increasing poverty, which in turn leads to higher rates of sexual exploitation and health crises.

Coal mining in Mpumalanga, South Africa, has severely contaminated water sources and degraded land, leading to health issues and increased poverty. Women are disproportionately affected due to their roles as caregivers, facing increased labor, economic instability, and risks of violence. Despite national and international legal frameworks, the document argues that economic interests and a lack of enforcement allow mining companies to operate with impunity.

The report details how systemic governance failures by the DMR and DWS in Mpumalanga have led to widespread environmental degradation, health crises in mining communities, and threats to water and food security. It highlights the lack of enforcement, a culture of secrecy, and the conflict of interest inherent in the DMR's dual mandate to promote and regulate mining.

The document details a complex conflict between Umcebo Mining (Pty) Ltd and civil society, specifically the Escarpment Environment Protection Group (EEPOG), regarding the Klippan Colliery. Despite an initial victory where the Minister of Mineral Resources upheld an appeal against the mining right in August 2008, the document notes that mining continued. Key issues include the failure to obtain water use licences (WULs), inadequate environmental impact assessments regarding sensitive pans (Blinkpan and Grootpan), and allegations of political influence within the Department of Minerals. The case covers four distinct processes: the initial mining right, an amendment to the Environmental Management Programme Report (EMPR) to shift from underground to opencast mining, water and waste management licensing, and authorization for diesel storage tanks.

The document details a case where the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) approved a mining right for Xstrata South Africa (Pty) Ltd despite the fact that wetlands occupy 51% of the 1385 ha area. Key issues include the failure to provide the final EMP for public comment, the lack of consultation with land claimants, and the DMR's decision to grant the right despite clear objections from the Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Authority (MTPA). The EMP acknowledged that damage to wetlands would be "irreparable" and failed to address pollution from final voids.