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This research paper by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions implications of the Keystone XL pipeline, specifically focusing on how the infrastructure might increase global oil consumption by lowering prices through increased supply.

This report finds that the United States cannot rely on technology alone to meet GHG emissions and oil consumption targets; it must also reduce per capita vehicle miles traveled (VMT), which are projected to increase by 40% by 2050 under business-as-usual scenarios. The report advocates for a shift in federal transportation policy toward performance-based funding and increased investment in strategies that provide alternatives to driving to eliminate oil imports by 2030.