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The report identifies systemic governance failures in Lesotho, including a fragmented electoral system, weak separation of powers, and inadequate decentralisation. It highlights severe socio-economic challenges such as a 47.7% poverty rate (2017), rising violent crime, and gender-based discrimination under customary law. The document argues that these issues are exacerbated by corruption, poor infrastructure, and ineffective public policy-making, recommending comprehensive constitutional and legal reforms through the National Reforms Authority (NRA).

In 2021, at least 3.43 billion people across 54 high-impact countries faced cooling access challenges. The rural poor population at high risk grew to 355 million, driven largely by the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on poverty, with India, Nigeria, and Bangladesh having the highest numbers. The urban poor population increased to 732 million, with China and India accounting for 36% of that growth. Additionally, the lower-middle income segment grew to 2.34 billion people, a group at risk of adopting inefficient cooling devices that could increase greenhouse gas emissions. Conversely, the middle-income population decreased by approximately 140 million people, primarily driven by declines in China and India.

The CHAPOSA project investigated charcoal production systems around Lusaka, Dar es Salaam, and Maputo between 1989 and 1998. Findings indicate a significant reduction in closed forest cover in all three areas, with the most severe depletion around Maputo. Charcoal serves as a critical income source for rural poor and a stable, affordable energy source for urban poor, creating a socio-economic dependency that complicates regulation. The report argues that current fiscal and licensing systems are inadequately enforced, treating forests as open-access resources. To mitigate deforestation, the authors recommend a coordinated approach: enforcing licensing to increase prices and fund forest management, while simultaneously providing rural income alternatives (e.g., improved agriculture) and urban energy substitutes (e.g., expanded electricity access).

This report details an interdisciplinary Environmental Flows (E-Flows) assessment of the Nam Songkhram River Basin in Northeast Thailand. The study examines the critical relationship between the Mekong River mainstream and the Nam Songkhram floodplain, emphasizing how the annual 'flood pulse' sustains high aquatic biodiversity and local livelihoods. The findings highlight a transition from natural wetland habitats to simplified ecosystems dominated by agricultural land and industrial tree plantations, specifically eucalyptus. The report argues that upstream flood control infrastructure is largely futile due to the dominance of the Mekong's hydrology and recommends a holistic, multi-stakeholder approach to basin management to prevent further ecological collapse.

The fact sheet emphasizes that a just energy transition must be measured by transformed lives rather than megawatts. It highlights critical gaps in Latin America, including the persistence of energy poverty, a significant imbalance between fossil fuel and renewable energy employment, and the prevalence of socio-environmental conflicts. The document calls for COP 30 to establish binding citizen participation mechanisms and policies for workforce reconversion to prevent deepening social and territorial inequalities.

The 'Promoting Dryland Sustainable Landscapes and Biodiversity Conservation in the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia' project, led by FAO and WWF, targets nine soums in the Dornod, Khentii, and Sukhbaatar provinces. It aims to restore 0.25 million hectares of land and improve the management of 1.19 million hectares of protected areas. The project focuses on climate-smart agriculture, sustainable rangeland and forest management, and the development of sustainable value chains for livestock products like cashmere and meat. Key biodiversity targets include the conservation of the Mongolian gazelle and White-naped Crane. The project is funded by the GEF with a total budget of $56,299,586, including $50,945,000 in co-financing.

The document argues for a shift away from destructive virgin mining toward circular economies and strategic land-use planning in Africa. It highlights the risks transition mineral extraction poses to water security, food supply, carbon sinks, and biodiversity, while calling for the formalisation of artisanal mining and the enforcement of labour rights. The paper recommends that mining licences be contingent on guaranteed funding for rehabilitation and that international cooperation, including traceability frameworks and fair finance, be established to prevent the 'resource curse'.