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The document argues that multi-stakeholder NBS initiatives, which have already achieved mitigation and sustainability outcomes, are well-positioned to expand their impact by integrating climate adaptation. It highlights that NBS can be more effective and cost-efficient than business-as-usual interventions, particularly for vulnerable and marginalized groups. The paper identifies opportunities for scaling adaptation through better coordination, sharing tools from adaptation-focused organizations, investing in pilots, and leveraging political momentum. However, it notes that these initiatives are hindered by barriers such as limited technical expertise on adaptation and insufficient funding.

The research paper contends that carbon markets focus exclusively on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, failing to account for the biophysical processes of tropical forests—such as evapotranspiration and albedo—that contribute significantly to global cooling. This omission leads to overly conservative crediting for tropical regions and an underestimation of their mitigation potential, which the authors estimate could provide an additional 1.4 to 1.8 gigatons of CO2-equivalent annual mitigation. The paper also highlights the concept of 'positive biophysical leakage,' where protecting forests enhances the resilience of surrounding landscapes against wildfire and drought. To address these inequities, the authors recommend that norm-setting bodies balance risk assessments, allow for premium pricing based on non-carbon attributes, and work toward quantifying biophysical effects as CO2 equivalents.