Beyond the Usual Suspects: Assessing Climate Finance From the Largest Non–Annex II Economies

The paper assesses climate finance provided by 14 non-Annex II countries, finding they contributed $102.38 billion between 2013 and 2023. While China is the largest contributor, other nations show a strong preference for adaptation. The study emphasizes the need to standardize this voluntary data to support the Baku to Belém (B2B) Roadmap and a multipolar financial system.

• Between 2013 and 2023, 14 non-Annex II countries—China, South Korea, India, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Russia, Mexico, Indonesia, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Türkiye, South Africa, and Singapore—provided an estimated $102.38 billion in climate finance to other developing countries, with a sharp acceleration in contributions since 2020.
• Multilateral channels are the primary vehicle for these financial flows, accounting for nearly 80 percent of contributions by 2023. These funds are routed through climate funds like the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund, as well as multilateral development banks.
• While China provides the largest share of finance, primarily for capital-intensive mitigation infrastructure, the other 13 analyzed nations prioritize adaptation. Since 2020, these 13 countries allocated approximately 53 percent of their non-multilateral finance to adaptation and crosscutting projects.
• There is a significant gap in the distribution of non-multilateral climate finance, with highly vulnerable low-income countries receiving only 8 percent of these flows.
• The authors argue that standardizing and acknowledging nontraditional climate finance is essential for implementing the Baku to Belém (B2B) Roadmap and achieving the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) ambition of $1.3 trillion annually by 2035.

APA

World Resources Institute (2026). Beyond the Usual Suspects: Assessing Climate Finance From the Largest Non–Annex II Economies. https://www.wri.org/research/beyond-usual-suspects-assessing-climate-finance-largest-non-annex-ii-economies

Chicago

World Resources Institute. Beyond the Usual Suspects: Assessing Climate Finance From the Largest Non–Annex II Economies. 2026. https://www.wri.org/research/beyond-usual-suspects-assessing-climate-finance-largest-non-annex-ii-economies.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=World Resources Institute |title=Beyond the Usual Suspects: Assessing Climate Finance From the Largest Non–Annex II Economies |date=June 2026 |url=https://www.wri.org/research/beyond-usual-suspects-assessing-climate-finance-largest-non-annex-ii-economies |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{worldresourcesinstitute2026beyond, author = {{World Resources Institute}}, title = {{Beyond the Usual Suspects: Assessing Climate Finance From the Largest Non–Annex II Economies}}, institution = {World Resources Institute}, year = {2026}, month = jun, url = {https://www.wri.org/research/beyond-usual-suspects-assessing-climate-finance-largest-non-annex-ii-economies}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }