Online Appendix to the 2025 Production Gap Report

The appendix outlines the technical process for estimating the 'government plans and projections' (GPP) pathway using data from 19 major producer countries, which accounted for approximately 81% of global fossil fuel production in 2022. It describes the harmonization of diverse national data into exajoules (EJ) per year and the use of IEA's Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) to scale these figures to a global estimate. The document also explains the conversion of energy units into physical units and extraction-based greenhouse gas emissions using specific emission factors for coal, oil, and gas.

• The 2025 analysis of the government plans and projections (GPP) pathway is based on data from 19 major producer countries, which represented about 81% of global fossil fuel production on a primary energy basis in 2022.
• Coverage of government plans and projections varies by fuel type among the 19 profiled countries: coal projections are available for 9 countries (91% of global production), oil for 16 countries (76%), and gas for 18 countries (72%).
• To derive a global GPP pathway, the combined production levels of the 19 countries are scaled up using the IEA's Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), which assumes these countries will maintain a 75–80% share of global fossil fuel production through 2050.
• The methodology converts energy units (exajoules) to physical units using 2021 IEA global production statistics: 0.022 EJ per million tonnes for coal, 1.9 EJ per year per million barrels per day for oil, and 0.035 EJ per billion cubic meters for gas.
• Extraction-based GHG emissions are calculated using top-down emission factors: 0.098 GtCO2eq per EJ for coal, 0.069 GtCO2eq per EJ for oil, and 0.058 GtCO2eq per EJ for gas.

APA

Stockholm Environment Institute (2025). Online Appendix to the 2025 Production Gap Report. https://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PGR2025-Appendix.pdf

Chicago

Stockholm Environment Institute. Online Appendix to the 2025 Production Gap Report. 2025. https://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PGR2025-Appendix.pdf.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Stockholm Environment Institute |title=Online Appendix to the 2025 Production Gap Report |date=2025 |url=https://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PGR2025-Appendix.pdf |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{stockholmenvironmentinstitute2025online, author = {{Stockholm Environment Institute}}, title = {{Online Appendix to the 2025 Production Gap Report}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2025}, url = {https://productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PGR2025-Appendix.pdf}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }