Hydrogen fluoride damage to vegetation from peri-urban brick kilns in Asia: a growing but unrecognised problem

This report investigates the damage caused by hydrogen fluoride emissions from traditional Bull’s Trench brick kilns to fruit trees and farmer livelihoods in Peshawar, Pakistan, as part of a broader trend of peri-urban brick production in south and south-east Asia.

• Rapid urbanisation in south and south-east Asia has driven an increased demand for bricks, which are generally provided by kilns located in peri-urban areas.
• The study specifically investigates the effects of foliar fluoride and elevated hydrogen fluoride concentrations on fruit trees located near traditional Bull’s Trench brick kilns in Peshawar, Pakistan.
• The research objectives include measuring HF concentrations via passive samplers, identifying visible HF-typical injuries on fruit trees, linking these injuries to foliar fluoride levels, and evaluating farmer awareness and the resulting impact on livelihoods.

APA

Stockholm Environment Institute (2012). Hydrogen fluoride damage to vegetation from peri-urban brick kilns in Asia: a growing but unrecognised problem. https://www.sei.org/publications/hydrogen-fluoride-damage-to-vegetation-from-peri-urban-brick-kilns-in-asia-a-growing-but-unrecognised-problem/

Chicago

Stockholm Environment Institute. Hydrogen fluoride damage to vegetation from peri-urban brick kilns in Asia: a growing but unrecognised problem. 2012. https://www.sei.org/publications/hydrogen-fluoride-damage-to-vegetation-from-peri-urban-brick-kilns-in-asia-a-growing-but-unrecognised-problem/.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |author=Stockholm Environment Institute |title=Hydrogen fluoride damage to vegetation from peri-urban brick kilns in Asia: a growing but unrecognised problem |date=30 March 2012 |url=https://www.sei.org/publications/hydrogen-fluoride-damage-to-vegetation-from-peri-urban-brick-kilns-in-asia-a-growing-but-unrecognised-problem/ |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{stockholmenvironmentinstitute2012hydrogen, author = {{Stockholm Environment Institute}}, title = {{Hydrogen fluoride damage to vegetation from peri-urban brick kilns in Asia: a growing but unrecognised problem}}, institution = {Stockholm Environment Institute}, year = {2012}, month = mar, url = {https://www.sei.org/publications/hydrogen-fluoride-damage-to-vegetation-from-peri-urban-brick-kilns-in-asia-a-growing-but-unrecognised-problem/}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }