FN som normspreder: Kvinner, fred og sikkerhet

The paper analyzes the evolution of the 'Women, Peace and Security' (WPS) framework, centered on UN Security Council Resolution 1325. While the author notes rapid normative spread and broad political acceptance among member states and regional organizations, she highlights a significant failure to translate these norms into practice. This is evidenced by low female representation in UN peace operations and political missions, insufficient funding, and a lack of accountability at leadership levels. The author argues that while shifting global power dynamics and opposition from states like Russia and China pose risks, the continued pressure from transnational women's networks remains the primary driver for future progress.

• The 'Women, Peace and Security' agenda is anchored in international law through seven UN Security Council resolutions, with Resolution 1325 (adopted in October 2000) serving as the foundational document. This framework focuses on three main categories: participation and representation, 'gender mainstreaming' in conflict analysis and peace operations, and the protection of women from war-related sexual violence.
• There is a stark disparity between the political rhetoric of the WPS agenda and its practical application. Implementation is hindered by a lack of leadership accountability, a reliance on voluntary rather than regular budget funding, and the assignment of WPS tasks to low-level personnel with limited authority.
• Female representation in UN peace and political operations remains very low. As of February 2015, women constituted only 3.9% of the total uniformed personnel in peace operations. In political operations led by the Department of Political Affairs (DPA), only one of 11 operations was led by a woman, and there were no women serving as special envoys to peace processes.
• Historically, women's participation in formal peace processes has been minimal; between 1992 and 2011, women signed only 4% of peace agreements and made up only 10% of negotiating delegations.
• The spread of the WPS norm has been driven by 'norm entrepreneurs,' most notably transnational networks of women's and human rights organizations, as well as specific member states like Norway. By March 2015, 48 member states had adopted national action plans for Resolution 1325, with expectations to reach approximately 70 by the end of the year.
• The future of the WPS agenda faces potential headwinds from shifting global power dynamics, specifically the rise of China and Russia. These states have historically opposed the Security Council treating thematic issues not linked to specific conflicts, though they have voted for all seven WPS resolutions.

APA

Tryggestad, T. L. (2015). FN som normspreder: Kvinner, fred og sikkerhet. Peace Research Institute Oslo. https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/0249d76e-85ce-47eb-989e-c20dfd88b8a3/FN som normspreder Kvinner fred og sikkerhet.pdf?inline=true

Chicago

Tryggestad, Torunn L. FN som normspreder: Kvinner, fred og sikkerhet. Peace Research Institute Oslo, 2015. https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/0249d76e-85ce-47eb-989e-c20dfd88b8a3/FN som normspreder Kvinner fred og sikkerhet.pdf?inline=true.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Tryggestad |first1=Torunn L. |title=FN som normspreder: Kvinner, fred og sikkerhet |publisher=Peace Research Institute Oslo |date=2015 |url=https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/0249d76e-85ce-47eb-989e-c20dfd88b8a3/FN som normspreder Kvinner fred og sikkerhet.pdf?inline=true |access-date=23 October 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{tryggestad2015som, author = {Tryggestad, Torunn L.}, title = {{FN som normspreder: Kvinner, fred og sikkerhet}}, institution = {Peace Research Institute Oslo}, year = {2015}, url = {https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/0249d76e-85ce-47eb-989e-c20dfd88b8a3/FN som normspreder Kvinner fred og sikkerhet.pdf?inline=true}, urldate = {2026-10-23}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }