Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair

The NewClimate Institute analyzed 163 intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) to determine how countries justify the equity of their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, finding that most claims are unsubstantiated or lack global context.

• The analysis of 163 INDCs reveals that the most frequent equity indicator for mitigation is a country's 'small share' of global emissions, followed by per capita emissions. When using a consistent data set, the emissions of countries claiming a 'small share' actually total 24% of annual global emissions.
• Adaptation is mentioned in 89% of INDCs, with over half quantifying impacts and two-thirds utilizing vulnerability as an argument for equity.
• Most equity claims in the analyzed INDCs are either unsubstantiated or based on internal country expert analysis; only two INDCs cited independent evidence, and none analyzed the global consequences of their specific equity approach.

APA

Winkler, H., Höhne, N., Cunliffe, G., Kuramochi, T., April, A., & Casas, M. J. D. V. (2017). Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair. NewClimate Institute. https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/countries-start-to-explain-how-their-climate-contributions-are-fair-more

Chicago

Winkler, Harald, Niklas Höhne, Guy Cunliffe, Takeshi Kuramochi, Amanda April, and Maria Jose de Villafranca Casas. Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair. NewClimate Institute, 2017. https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/countries-start-to-explain-how-their-climate-contributions-are-fair-more.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Winkler |first1=Harald |last2=Höhne |first2=Niklas |last3=Cunliffe |first3=Guy |last4=Kuramochi |first4=Takeshi |last5=April |first5=Amanda |last6=Casas |first6=Maria Jose de Villafranca |title=Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair |publisher=NewClimate Institute |date=7 November 2017 |url=https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/countries-start-to-explain-how-their-climate-contributions-are-fair-more |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{winkler2017countries, author = {Winkler, Harald and Höhne, Niklas and Cunliffe, Guy and Kuramochi, Takeshi and April, Amanda and Casas, Maria Jose de Villafranca}, title = {{Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair}}, institution = {NewClimate Institute}, year = {2017}, month = nov, url = {https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/countries-start-to-explain-how-their-climate-contributions-are-fair-more}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }