'Outlaws on camelback': State and individual responsibility for serious violations of international law in Darfur

This research paper examines the legal responsibility for international law violations in Sudan's Darfur region since 2003, arguing that both the Sudanese state and specific individuals must be held accountable to end impunity.

• The author contends that Sudan is internationally responsible for violations of international law carried out by both its official military forces and the civilian Janjaweed militia, which the government formed, funded, armed, and organised to fight Darfur rebels.
• The paper asserts that the state's international responsibility does not negate or conflict with the individual legal responsibility of militia leaders, the Sudanese armed forces, and senior members of the Sudanese government.
• To combat impunity for crimes committed in Darfur since 2003, the author argues that the international community should support the International Criminal Court's efforts to prosecute and investigate responsible parties, while pursuing both individual and state responsibility.

APA

Marong, A. (n.d.). 'Outlaws on camelback': State and individual responsibility for serious violations of international law in Darfur. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.org/research/papers/outlaws-on-camelback-state-and-individual-responsibility-for-serious-violations-of-international-law-in-darfur

Chicago

Marong, Alhagi. 'Outlaws on camelback': State and individual responsibility for serious violations of international law in Darfur. Institute for Security Studies, n.d. https://issafrica.org/research/papers/outlaws-on-camelback-state-and-individual-responsibility-for-serious-violations-of-international-law-in-darfur.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Marong |first1=Alhagi |title='Outlaws on camelback': State and individual responsibility for serious violations of international law in Darfur |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/outlaws-on-camelback-state-and-individual-responsibility-for-serious-violations-of-international-law-in-darfur |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{marongndoutlaws, author = {Marong, Alhagi}, title = {{'Outlaws on camelback': State and individual responsibility for serious violations of international law in Darfur}}, institution = {Institute for Security Studies}, url = {https://issafrica.org/research/papers/outlaws-on-camelback-state-and-individual-responsibility-for-serious-violations-of-international-law-in-darfur}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }