Ethiopia: Introduction

The document describes Ethiopia as a landlocked, low-income country in the Horn of Africa characterized by diverse topography and a complex ethnic federal system. It details the country's climatic patterns, including three annual rainfall seasons and projected temperature increases by 2030. The text also outlines Ethiopia's historical role in Pan-Africanism and its current political instability, marked by conflicts with the Tigray People’s Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Army.

• Ethiopia's mean annual temperatures are projected to rise by between 0.44°C and 1.47°C by the year 2030.
• The country experiences three distinct rainfall seasons: Kiremt (mid-June to mid-September), which provides 50-80% of annual rain; Belg (February to May); and Bega (October to December). Increased rainfall during the Bega season is noted as a risk for crop harvest loss, leading to adaptation strategies such as early planting and the use of short-maturing crops during the Kiremt season.
• Ethiopia's political stability is challenged by ethnic-based disputes over land, resources, and power. While a peace agreement was reached with the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) in November 2022, the country faces ongoing instability due to an insurgency in Oromia and clashes with the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) throughout 2024, including conflicts in South Oromia’s Guji Zone around October 2024.

APA

Chipanda, B. (2026). Ethiopia: Introduction. Institute for Security Studies. https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ET&topic=01-introduction

Chicago

Chipanda, Blessing. Ethiopia: Introduction. Institute for Security Studies, 2026. https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ET&topic=01-introduction.

Wikipedia

{{cite report |last1=Chipanda |first1=Blessing |title=Ethiopia: Introduction |publisher=Institute for Security Studies |date=31 May 2026 |url=https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ET&topic=01-introduction |access-date=17 August 2026 |via=Climate Insights Directory}}

BibTeX

@techreport{chipanda2026ethiopia, author = {Chipanda, Blessing}, title = {{Ethiopia: Introduction}}, institution = {Institute for Security Studies}, year = {2026}, month = may, url = {https://futures.issafrica.org/geographic/guide.pdf?geography=ET&topic=01-introduction}, urldate = {2026-08-17}, note = {Indexed by Climate Insights Directory} }